Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Vitamins and Hormones: Advances in Research and Applications, Volume 51 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. cAMP-Dependent Regulation of Gene Transcription by cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein and cAMP Response Element Modulator 14
I. Introduction 15
II. cAMP-Dependent Signal Transduction Pathway 15
III. camp-Responsive Transcription Factors CREB,CREM and ATF-1 19
IV. cAMP Response Elements 21
V. Mechanisms of Transciptional Transactivation 25
VI. The CREB and CREM Genes Are Multiexonic in Structure: Alternative Exon Splicing Generates a Complex Array of Isoproteins That Are Either Transactivators or Transrepressors 34
VII. cAMP-Dependent Autoregulation of the Expression of the CREB and CREM Genes 44
VIII. Roles of CREB and CREM in the Physiological Regulation of Gene Transcription 45
IX. CREB/CREM Autoregulatiom Network 53
X. Oncogenic Forms of CREB, CREM, and ATF-1 55
XI. Future Directions 56
References 59
Chapter 2. Multiple Facets of the Modulation of Growth by cAMP 72
I. Introduction 72
II. Negative Control of Cell Cycle Progression by cAMP 86
III. Positive Control of Cell Cycle Progression by cAMP 96
IV. Relationship between Growth and Differentiation Controls by cAMP 131
V. A Role for Cytoskeleton Changes in Control of Growth by cAMP? 135
VI. cAMP and the Growth of Cancer cell 140
VII. Conclusions and Perspectives 153
References 157
Chapter 3. Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors by Receptor Kinases and Arrestins 206
I. Introduction 206
II. GRKs 209
III. Arrestins 226
IV. Conclusions 239
References 240
Chapter 4. Vasopressin and Oxytocin: Molecular Biology and Evolution of the Peptide Hormones and Their Receptors 248
I. Introduction 248
II. VP and OT Gene Expression and Regulation 250
III. VP and OT mRNA in Dendrites and Axons 255
IV. Somatic Recombination between the VP and OT Genes in Hypothalamic Neurons 260
V. Evolution of the Vertebrate VP/OT Gene Family 262
VI. Nonapeptide Receptors 264
References 271
Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Strogen Receptors 280
I. Introduction 280
II. Physiological Responses to Estrogens 281
III. Intracellular Localization of Estrogen Receptors 285
IV. Hormone Binding and Receptor Dimerization 285
V. Target Gene Recognition 287
VI. Transcriptional Activation 288
VII. Specific Gene Transcription by the Estrogen Receptor 289
VIII. Mechanism of Antiestrogen Action 302
IX. Cross-coupling with Other Signaling Pathways 293
References 295
Chapter 6. Phosphorylation and Steroid Hormone Action 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Phosphorylation of Steroid Hormone Receptors 303
III. Regulation of Steroid Hormone Receptors by Phosphorylation 309
IV. Interaction between Steroid Hormone Action and Signal Transduction Pathways 314
V. Summary: A Model of Steroid Hormone Action 318
References 320
Chapter 7.Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Steroid Receptors 328
I. Introduction 328
II. Subcellular Localization of Steroid Receptors 329
III. Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Steroid Receptors 336
References 346
Chapter 8. Transcriptional Regulation of the Genes Encoding the Cytochrome P-450 Steroid Hydroxylases 352
I. Introduction 352
II. Overview of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis 353
III. Cell-Selective Expression 360
IV. Hormone-Regulated Expression 368
V. Perspectives and Future Directions 373
VI. Summary 375
References 376
Chapter 9. Stress and the Brain: A Paradoxical Role for Adrenal Steroids 384
I. Introduction 384
II. Adrenal Steroids and Hippocampal Neuronal Atrophy 387
III. Antidepressants Modify Stress-Induced Changes in the Hippocampus 390
IV. Paradoxical Effects of Adrenal Steroids in the Hippocampus 393
V. Role of Adrenal Steroid Receptor Subtypes in Structural and Neurochemical Plasticity 400
VI. Other Actions of Adrenal Steroids Fklated to Neuronal Atrophy 401
VII. Stress Effects on Cognitive Performance in Rodents 404
VIII. Deregulation of the HPA Axis in Depression and Other Disorders 406
IX. Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Treatment on Cognitive Performance in Humans 407
X. Conclusions 408
References 409
Chapter 10. Retinoids and Mouse Embryonic Development 416
I. Introduction 416
II. Retinoid Receptors 418
III. Retinoid-Binding Proteins 435
IV. Retinoid Receptor Expression Patterns and Genetic Analysis of Function 440
V. Conclusions and Perspectives 449
References 455
Index 472