Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Vitamins and Hormones: Advances in Research and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Vitamin B12 and the B12 Coenzymes 14
I. Introduction 14
II. Role Vitamin B12 in Pernicious Anemia 16
III. Isolation of the Anti-Pernicious Anemia Factor 18
IV. Chemical Formula of the Vitamin 21
V. Molecular Structures of the Two Coenzymes 25
VI. Chemical Synthesis of the Vitamin 49
VII. Biosynthesis of the Vitamin 49
VIII. Internalization of the Vitamin 53
IX. Enzymes for Which B12 Coenzymes Provide a Cofactor 57
X. Possible Modes of Action of the Coenzymes 67
References 73
Chapter 2. Hormones in Milk 90
I. Introduction 91
II. Hypothalamo–Hypophyseal Hormones 91
III. Thyroid Gland Hormones 99
IV. Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptides 105
V. Adrenal Gland Hormones 105
VI. Sexual Gland Hormones 107
VII. Pancreatic Hormones 111
VIII. Growth Factors 112
IX. Erythropoietin 126
X. Brain–Gut Hormones 126
XI. Other Peptides (with Possible Physiological Effects) Present in Milk 128
XII. Nucleotides 130
References 131
Chapter 3. Molecular and Cellular Bases of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Action in the Pituitary and Central Nervous System 164
I. Introduction 165
II. The GnRH Receptor 166
III. Receptor-Effector Coupling of the Pituitary Response System 175
IV. The Molecular Basis of Homologous Desensitization of Gonadotropin Release 192
V. New Models for the Study of GnRH Receptor–Effector Coupling 201
VI. GnRH and Its Receptor in the Brain 202
VII. Conclusion 213
References 214
Chapter 4. Division of Labor among Gonadotropes 228
I. Introduction 228
II. Plasticity in the Gonadotrope Population 233
III. Differential Processing of Gonadotropins by Bihormonal Gonadotropes 269
IV. The Gonadotrope as a Regulatory Cell 276
V. Summary and Conclusions 287
References 288
Chapter 5. The Thyrotropin Receptor 300
I. Introduction 301
II. Structure of the TSH Receptor 305
III. Multihormonal Regulation of the Thyroid 331
IV. Multihormonal Regulation of TSH Receptor Gene Expression Mimics Multihormonal Regulation of the Thyroid 337
V. Regulation of the TSHR at a Promoter Level 343
VI. cAMP-Induced Negative Regulation of the TSH Receptor Is Related to Regulation of MHC Class I and Class I1 Gene Regulation and the Development of Thyroid Autoantibodies 376
VII. Summary 380
References 381
Chapter 6. Molecular Biology of the Growth Hormone–Prolactin Gene System 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Structure and Evolution of the Growth Hormone–Prolactin Gene Family 399
III. Sites of Expression 404
IV. Genetic Defects in Structure and Function of the Human Growth Hormone Gene Cluster 425
V. Growth Hormone and Prolactin Receptors 430
VI. Genetic Defects of GH Receptor Expression and Function 448
References 451
Chapter 7. The Role of Steroid Metabolism in Protective and Specificity- Conferring Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Action 474
I. Introduction 474
II. 11 ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 475
III. Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome 476
IV. Licorice Ingestion and Na+ Retention 477
V. Na+ Retention Conferred on Glucocorticoids by Licorice 480
VI. Protection of Glucocorticoid Receptors 482
VII. Protection of Mineralocorticoid Receptors 484
VIII. Separability of Na+ Retention and K+ Secretion Responses 486
IX. Enzyme Inhibition by Licorice and Its Derivatives 488
X. 5a- and 5ß-Ring A Reduction of Steroid Hormones 489
XI. Endogenous Substances and Protection Mechanisms 490
XII. Conclusions 493
References 493
Index 500