Natural History of Host-Parasite Interactions (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Parasitology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 14
Chapter 1: HLA-Mediated Control of HIV and HIV Adaptation to HLA 20
1.1. Introduction 21
1.2. CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) and Control of Viraemia 22
1.3. Disease Outcome Mediated by CTL 24
1.4. Immune Escape-Viral Escape Mutations from CTL 27
1.5. HIV Evolution and Immune Selection 31
1.6. Summary 33
References 34
Chapter 2: An Evolutionary Perspective on Parasitism as a Cause of Cancer 40
2.1. The Cancer Problem 41
2.2. History of Parasitism and Oncogenesis 41
2.3. Mechanisms of Oncogenesis 45
2.4. Transmission Modes and the Evolution of Persistence 48
2.5. Interactions of Causes 49
2.6. Breast Cancer 52
2.7. Testing Infectious Causation of Cancer 55
Acknowledgments 57
References 57
Chapter 3: Invasion of the Body Snatchers: The Diversity and Evolution of Manipulative Strategies in Host-Parasite Interactions 64
3.1. Introduction 65
3.2. How Parasites Alter Host Behaviour 68
3.3. A Co-Evolutionary Perspective 85
3.4. The (River) Blind Watchmaker 94
3.5. Concluding Remarks 95
References 95
Chapter 4: Evolutionary Drivers of Parasite-Induced Changes in Insect Life-History Traits: From Theory to Underlying Mechanisms 104
4.1. Parasites and Host Life-History Traits 105
4.2. Various Changes in Reproductive Traits Seen in Infected Insects 106
4.3. Potential Drivers of Change in Host Reproductive Success 110
4.4. Models for Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses 113
4.5. Indirect Mechanisms Underlying Fecundity Reduction 119
4.6. Life-History Traits in an Ecological Setting 122
4.7. Conclusions 123
References 124
Chapter 5: Ecological Immunology of a Tapeworms´ Interaction with its Two Consecutive Hosts 130
5.1. Introduction 131
5.2. The Model Parasite Schistocephalus solidus 132
5.3. Phase I: Ingestion, Infection and Establishment 137
5.4. Phase II: Resource Acquisition and Immune Evasion 142
5.5. Phase III: Host Switch and Manipulation 146
5.6. Link Between Hosts in Complex Life Cycles 149
5.7. Concluding Remarks 149
Acknowledgments 150
References 150
Chapter 6: Tracking Transmission of the Zoonosis Toxoplasma gondii 158
6.1. Toxoplasma: The Supreme Generalist 159
6.2. Adaptation for Transmission 160
6.3. Parasite Population Genetics 164
6.4. Genetic Variation and Strain Partitioning 167
6.5. Towards Defining Transmission Networks 170
References 170
Chapter 7: Parasites and Biological Invasions 180
7.1. Introduction 181
7.2. Enemy Release and Parasite Acquisition 182
7.3. Introduced Parasites 190
7.4. Parasite-Host Adaptation 191
7.5. The Impact of Parasitism on Biological Invasions 193
7.6. Wider Community Effects 196
7.7. Future Challenges 198
Acknowledgments 199
References 199
Chapter 8: Zoonoses in Wildlife: Integrating Ecology into Management 204
8.1. Introduction 205
8.2. Pathways Linking Pathogens in Wildlife to Other Hosts 207
8.3. Integrating Disease and Wildlife Ecology into Control Strategies 219
8.4. Conclusion 222
References 222
Chapter 9: Understanding the Interaction Between an Obligate Hyperparasitic Bacterium, Pasteuria penetrans and its Obligate Plant-Parasitic Nematode Host, Meloidogyne spp. 230
9.1. Introduction 231
9.2. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, Biological Control and Pasteuria Penetrans 232
9.3. Exploiting Genomics to Understand the P. Penetrans Root-Knot Nematode Biology 236
9.4. Building Cohesion Between Molecules and Populations 249
9.5. A Molecular Approach to Infection and Virulence from an Evolutionary Perspective 252
9.6. Summary, Conclusions and Implications for Biological Control 254
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
Chapter 10: Host-Parasite Relations and Implications for Control 266
10.1. Introduction 267
10.2. The Current Strategies for NTD Control 269
10.3. Control of Each NTD 270
10.4. Consequences of Intensive Therapy on Parasite Evolution 277
10.5. Conclusion 278
Acknowledgments 278
References 278
Chapter 11: Onchocerca-Simulium Interactions and the Population and Evolutionary Biology of Onchocerca volvulus 282
11.1. Introduction 284
11.2. Methods 294
11.3. Results 298
11.4. Implications for our Understanding of the Population and Evolutionary Biology of O. volvulus and the Control of Hum 310
11.5. Discussion and Future Research Directions 321
Acknowledgments 324
References 324
Chapter 12: Microsporidians as Evolution-Proof Agents of Malaria Control? 334
12.1. Introduction 335
12.2. Effective Control 337
12.3. Sustainable Control 340
12.4. Conclusions 344
References 344
Index 348
Contents of Volumes in this Series 356
Color Plates 364