New Insights to Neuroimmune Biology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
New Insights to Neuroimmune Biology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Foreword 10
Preface 12
List of Contributors 14
Section A. Introduction 16
Chapter 1 The Brave New World of Neuroimmune Biology 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Recent Developments in Neuroimmune Biology 19
1.3 The NISS 26
1.4 Immunological Memory 30
1.5 Autonomy and Redundancy 33
1.6 Protection for Life by the Neuroimmune Supersystem 35
1.7 Conclusions 36
Section B. History 46
Chapter 2 On the History of Immunophysiology: First Steps and Main Trends 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Early Investigations 48
2.3 The Second Period 49
2.4 Consolidation of the Science of Immunophysiology 50
2.5 Modern Immunophysiology 51
2.6 Historical Note to Figures: Initial Events in the Organization of Research Activities in Immunophysiology 56
2.7 Conclusions 58
Section C. Molecular Regulation 66
Chapter 3 Selective Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes by High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Signaling 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Proteomic Analysis of Astrocytes Stimulated with HMGB1 69
3.3 Functional Properties of HMGB1-Activated Astrocytes 80
3.4 Conclusion 82
Acknowledgments 82
Section D. Physiology 88
Chapter 4 Choroid Plexus and Immune Response of the Brain 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Choroid Plexus: Basic Structure and Function 90
4.3 Choroid Plexus and the Immune System 92
4.4 Choroid Plexus and Brain Development 93
4.5 Choroid Plexus and Aging 95
4.6 Choroid Plexus and Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease as a Case in Point 95
4.7 Choroid Plexus as Transplantable Cells for Brain Repair: Pilot Studies 96
4.8 Encapsulated Choroid Plexus Cells as Immunoisolated Transplant Approach 97
4.9 Encapsulated Xenogeneic Choroid Plexus Transplants for Stroke Therapy 100
4.10 Encapsulated Xenogeneic Choroid Plexus Transplants for Huntington's Disease Therapy 101
4.11 In Vitro and In Vivo Determinations of the Effect of Age on CP Function 102
4.12 Conclusions 103
Chapter 5 Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Immunity 108
5.1 Early Evidence for Nervous System–Immune System Communication 108
5.2 Innervation of Lymphoid Tissue 109
5.3 Release of Norepinephrine 111
5.4 Expression of the Beta-2-Adrenergic Receptor 111
5.5 Evidence that Norepinephrine Regulates Immune-Cell Function 113
5.6 NK Cells 113
5.7 Macrophages 114
5.8 Dendritic Cells 114
5.9 CD4+ T Cells 115
5.10 CD8+ T Cells 117
5.11 B Cell 118
5.12 Concluding Remarks 123
Chapter 6 Circadian Organization of the Immune Response: Rat Adjuvant Arthritis as a Model 134
6.1 The Circadian Clock Has Indispensable Biological Functions 134
6.2 The Immune System Shows a Circadian Organization 136
6.3 "Sickness Behavior" Includes Changes in Circadian Rhythms 138
6.4 Rat Adjuvant Arthritis as an Experimental Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis 142
6.5 Conclusions 151
Acknowledgments 151
Chapter 7 Antigenic Recognition by the Brain: The Brain as an Immunocompetent Organ 160
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 The CNS Has Innate Immune Receptors to Sense Antigens Directly 160
7.3 Sensing Adaptive Immune Reactions by the CNS 165
7.4 Sensing and Regulating Inflammation: Mast Cells as Sensory and Neuroeffector Cells 167
7.5 Some Functions of the Sensory Nerve Mast Cell Pathway 168
7.6 Conclusions 169
Section E. Pathophysiology 176
Chapter 8 Neurogenic Inflammation and the "Inflammatory Reflex": Two Pathways of Immunoregulation by the Nervous System 178
8.1 Neurogenic Inflammation: A Spinal Cord Reflex to Initiate Immune Response 178
8.2 The "Inflammatory Reflex": A Mechanism to Counter-Regulate Immunological Inflammation 184
8.3 Conclusions 188
Chapter 9 Role of Tachykinins in Asthma and Allergic Disease 192
9.1 Introduction 192
9.2 Localization and Production of Tachykinins in the Airways 193
9.3 Role of Tachykinins in Respiratory Pathophysiology 195
9.4 The Role of Tachykinins in Animal Models of Asthma 199
9.5 Conclusions 200
Chapter 10 Modulation of Immune Response by Head Injury 208
10.1 Traumatic Brain Injury: Epidemiology 208
10.2 Primary and Secondary Brain Injury 209
10.3 Molecular Cascades Mediating Cell Death after TBI 210
10.4 Cellular Inflammatory Response and Axonal Damage 212
10.5 Cerebral Cytokine Network 216
10.6 Role of Chemokines in TBI 221
10.7 Anti-Inflammatory Intervention after TBI 223
10.8 Conclusions 224
Acknowledgments 225
Chapter 11 Defence and Defeat Reaction: Central Control and Peripheral Effects 236
11.1 Introduction 236
11.2 Historical Landmarks 238
11.3 Extending the Pioneer's Findings and The Discovery of Neural-Immune Connection 240
11.4 Principal Organisation of The Defence and Defeat Reactions 241
11.5 The Complexity of Defence and Defeat Reaction in Modern Man 244
11.6 Concluding Remarks 245
Acknowledgements 246
Section F. Behavior 250
Chapter 12 Cytokines, Behavior, and Affective Disorders 252
12.1 Introduction 252
12.2 Cytokines and Sickness Behavior 253
12.3 Specific Disorders in Which Cytokines May Produce Behavioral Effects 259
12.4 Cytokines and Affective Disorders 261
12.5 Concluding Remarks 269
Chapter 13 Increased Type 1 Helper T Cell Functions and Reward Stimulation 280
13.1 Introduction: Psychological Variables Do Correlate with Immune Alterations 280
13.2 Neural Regulation of Immunity 280
13.3 Reward Center/Pleasure and NK Cells 281
13.4 Conclusion 284