Since the first edition of this book was published in 1999, the idea that there is a single gene pathway or single drug will provide a cure for cancer has given way to the general view that dietary/environmental factors impact the progression of genetic and cellular changes in common forms of cancer. This broad concept can now be investigated within a basic and clinical research context for specific types of cancer. This book attempts to cover the current available knowledge in this new field of nutritional oncology written by invited experts. This book attempts to provide not only the theoretical and research basis for nutritional oncology, but will offer the medical oncologist and other members of multidisciplinary groups treating cancer patients practical information on nutrition assessment and nutritional regimens, including micronutrient and phytochemical supplementation. The editors hope that this volume will stimulate increased research, education and patient application of the principles of nutritional oncology.
NEW TO THIS EDITION:
* Covers hot new topics of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in cancer cell growth
* Includes new chapters on metabolic networks in cancer cell growth, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics
* Presents substantially revised chapters on breast cancer and nutrition, prostate cancer and nutrition, and colon cancer and nutrition
* Includes new illustrations throughout the text, especially in the breast cancer chapter
* Includes integrated insights into the unanswered questions and clearly defined objectives of research in nutritional oncology
* Offers practical guidelines for clinicians advising malnourished cancer patients and cancer survivors on diet, nutrition, and lifestyle
* Provides information on the role of bioactive substances, dietary supplements, phytochemicals and botanicals in cancer prevention and treatment
Nutritional oncology is an increasingly active interdisciplinary field where cancer is investigated as both a systemic and local disease originating with the changes in the genome and progressing through a multi-step process which may be influenced at many points in its natural history by nutritional factors that could impact the prevention of cancer, the quality of life of cancer patients, and the risk of cancer recurrence in the rapidly increasing population of cancer survivors.Since the first edition of this book was published in 1999, the idea that there is a single gene pathway or single drug will provide a cure for cancer has given way to the general view that dietary/environmental factors impact the progression of genetic and cellular changes in common forms of cancer. This broad concept can now be investigated within a basic and clinical research context for specific types of cancer. This book attempts to cover the current available knowledge in this new field of nutritional oncology written by invited experts. This book attempts to provide not only the theoretical and research basis for nutritional oncology, but will offer the medical oncologist and other members of multidisciplinary groups treating cancer patients practical information on nutrition assessment and nutritional regimens, including micronutrient and phytochemical supplementation. The editors hope that this volume will stimulate increased research, education and patient application of the principles of nutritional oncology.NEW TO THIS EDITION:* Covers hot new topics of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in cancer cell growth * Includes new chapters on metabolic networks in cancer cell growth, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics* Presents substantially revised chapters on breast cancer and nutrition, prostate cancer and nutrition, and colon cancer and nutrition* Includes new illustrations throughout the text, especially in the breast cancer chapter* Includes integrated insights into the unanswered questions and clearly defined objectives of research in nutritional oncology * Offers practical guidelines for clinicians advising malnourished cancer patients and cancer survivors on diet, nutrition, and lifestyle * Provides information on the role of bioactive substances, dietary supplements, phytochemicals and botanicals in cancer prevention and treatment
Front cover 1
Title page 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
Contributing Authors 14
Preface 18
Introduction: The Principles of Nutritional Oncology 20
I. Biology of Nutrition and Cancer 26
1: Fundamentals of Human Nutrition 26
INTRODUCTION 26
CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD AND DIETARY QUALITY 26
ENERGETICS AND OBESITY 27
PROTEIN 27
QUALITY OF LIPIDS, FATS, AND FATTY ACIDS 29
FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION 29
QUALITY OF CARBOHYDRATES 31
FUNCTIONAL FOODS 33
BUILDING DIETS FOR INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES 35
CONCLUSION 35
References 35
2: Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics 40
INTRODUCTION 40
NUTRIGENETIC RESPONSE 42
NUTRITIONAL EPIGENETICS 44
TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES 44
BEYOND NUTRIGENOMICS 46
CONCLUSIONS 47
References 47
3: Genetics and Epigenetics in Cancer Biology 50
INTRODUCTION 50
FUNDAMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION IN THE COLON 51
GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING 54
SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS IN INTESTINAL CELL MATURATION, TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS, AND TUMORIGENESIS 55
EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION 66
MITOCHONDRIA: A MECHANISM OF REGULATION AND INTEGRATION 68
References 70
4: Metabolic Networks in Cancer Cells 82
INTRODUCTION 82
METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS OF TUMOR GROWTH 85
APPLYING METABOLIC CONTROL ANALYSIS 89
METABOLIC PROFILING OF CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION 89
RELATIVE ROLES OF GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND METABOLOMICS IN CANCER RESEARCH 90
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 91
References 91
5: Energy Balance and Cancer 94
INTRODUCTION 94
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ENERGY BALANCE 95
EXERCISE AND ENERGY BALANCE IN CARCINOGENESIS 95
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 101
References 104
II. Epidemiology of Nutrition and Cancer 110
6: Nutritional Epidemiology 110
INTRODUCTION 110
STUDY DESIGNS 110
SPECIAL ISSUES IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 117
GENE–DIET INTERACTIONS 118
INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 119
SUMMARY 119
References 119
7: Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cancer 122
PUBLISHED REVIEWS 125
INDIVIDUAL CANCER SITES 126
ALL CANCER 178
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 178
SUMMARY 186
References 187
8: Are Whole Grains Protective Against a Variety of Cancers? 200
INTRODUCTION 200
WHOLE GRAINS AND CANCER 201
WHOLE GRAINS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT CANCERS 202
WHOLE GRAINS AND NONINTESTINAL CANCERS 205
CONCLUSIONS 206
References 207
9: Obesity and Cancer Risk 210
INTRODUCTION 210
ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY 210
OBESITY AND CANCER RISK OF SPECIFIC SITES 212
CANCER SITES SUSPECTED TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY 215
SUMMARY 218
References 218
10: Nutrition and Tobacco-Related Cancers 224
INTRODUCTION 224
TOBACCO CARCINOGENESIS 225
NUTRITION AND TOBACCO-RELATED CANCERS 227
SUMMARY 234
References 235
11: Alcohol and Cancer 244
INTRODUCTION 244
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: TRENDS AND PREVALENCE 244
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES COMPOSITION 245
ALCOHOL METABOLISM 245
CHALLENGES IN STUDYING ALCOHOL AND CANCER 248
SUMMARY OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 249
ALCOHOL DRINKING AND CANCER SURVIVAL 285
CONCLUSIONS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS 289
References 290
12: Environmental Toxins, Nutrition, and Cancer 298
INTRODUCTION 298
TOBACCO SMOKE 298
PARTICULATE MATTER 301
DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES 301
ARSENIC 302
CHROMIUM 303
CONCLUSIONS 304
References 304
III. Biological Approaches to Investigating Nutrition and Cancer 308
13: Endocrine and Paracrine Factors in Carcinogenesis 308
INTRODUCTION 308
THE IGF AXIS AND ENERGY BALANCE 308
ESTROGENS AND CANCER 310
ANDROGENS AND CANCER 312
NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILIES AND ORPHAN RECEPTORS 313
LIPID SENSOR RECEPTORS AND LIPID METABOLISM 314
STEROID AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTORS 316
FEED-FORWARD LOOPS AND UPREGULATION OF METABOLIC ENZYMES 316
A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR XENOBIOSIS AND OXIDANT STRESS IN CANCER 317
References 317
14: Oxidation and Antioxidation in Cancer 322
INTRODUCTION 322
ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS 323
CONCLUSION 329
References 329
15: Thiols in Cancer 332
INTRODUCTION 332
SULFUR HAS MULTIPLE BIOLOGICAL ROLES AFFECTING CANCER 332
THIOLS IN CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION 333
MOST DIETARY AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS ARE BIOACTIVATED TO REACTIVE MUTAGENS 334
THE GSH SYSTEM PROTECTS AGAINST CANCER BY DETOXIFICATION OF REACTIVE ELECTROPHILES 334
THE LIVER FUNCTIONS TO MAINTAIN SYSTEMIC CYSTEINE SUPPLY THROUGH AN ENTERORGAN GSH/CYSTEINE CYCLE 335
OPTIMAL SULFUR AMINO ACID INTAKE IN HUMANS REMAINS UNCERTAIN 335
DIETARY GSH PROVIDES A MEANS TO DECREASE RISK FROM DIRECT-ACTING DIETARY CARCINOGENS 335
THIOLS IN THE DIET FUNTION TO PROTECT AGAINST DIRECT-ACTING CARCINOGENS IN THE DIET 336
THIOLS IN REDOX SIGNALING AND CONTROL 336
SYSTEMS ACT INDEPENDENTLY TO INCREASE THE SPECIFICITY OF REDOX CONTROL 339
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CARCINOGENESIS 339
GLUTATHIONE PLAYS OPPOSING ROLES IN CARCINOGENESIS 339
THIOREDOXIN IS OVEREXPRESSED IN CANCER 341
SUMMARY 342
References 342
16: Principles of Tumor Immunology 346
INTRODUCTION 346
IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE OF TUMORS 348
DO TUMOR CELLS EXPRESS TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS? 348
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO CANCER 349
IMMUNOTHERAPY 350
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL ANTICANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY 353
References 354
17: Animal Models in Nutritional Oncology Research 358
INTRODUCTION 358
AN OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL MODELS 359
ORGAN-SPECIFIC ANIMAL TUMOR MODELS 360
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 368
CONCLUSIONS 369
References 369
IV. Gene–Nutrient Interaction and Cancer Prevention 374
18: The Challenge of Nutrition in Cancer Prevention 374
OVERVIEW OF THE NUTRITION–CANCER RELATIONSHIP 374
DISCOVERY 377
DEVELOPMENT 382
DELIVERY 385
References 386
19: Dietary Assessment 392
INTRODUCTION 392
STUDY DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT 392
METHODS OF DIETARY ASSESSMENT 393
NUTRITIONAL BIOMARKERS 395
SUMMARY 398
References 398
20: Prostate Cancer 402
INTRODUCTION 402
INTERNATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 403
PROSTATE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOGENESIS OF PROSTATE CANCER 403
GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION IN PROSTATE CANCER 404
HORMONES, OBESITY, AND PROSTATE CANCER 404
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH 413
References 413
21: Breast Cancer 418
INTRODUCTION 418
BREAST ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 418
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 419
ENDOCRINOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER 420
EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND BREAST CANCER RISK 421
MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES, DIET, ENERGY BALANCE, AND BREAST CANCER RISK 422
INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BREAST CANCER: PROPOSED MECHANISMS 423
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL 423
ALCOHOL AND FOLATE INTAKE IN BREAST CANCER 424
GENETICS, NONGENETIC FACTORS, AND GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION IN BREAST CANCER 425
References 427
22: Skin Cancer 430
INTRODUCTION 430
THE NATURE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION 431
THE ETIOLOGICAL ROLE OF UV RADIATION IN SKIN CANCER 432
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS 433
UV-INDUCED SKIN CANCER AND DIETARY MODIFICATION 434
POSSIBLE MODE OF ACTION OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS IN MODULATION OF UV CARCINOGENESIS 436
CLINICAL STUDIES OF NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS 437
CONCLUSIONS 442
References 443
23: Colon Cancer 448
INTRODUCTION 448
THE MULTISTEP PROCESS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOGENESIS 449
INHERITED AND SPONTANEOUS COLON CANCER 450
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN COLON CANCER 451
NUTRIENT–NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS 455
ANTIOXIDANTS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS 456
CONCLUSION 456
References 457
24: Gastric Cancer 462
INTRODUCTION 462
BACKGROUND 462
DIETARY FACTORS AND GASTRIC CANCER 463
MICRONUTRIENTS 466
PREVENTION TRIALS FOR GASTRIC CANCER 468
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 469
References 469
25: Pancreatic Cancer 474
INTRODUCTION 474
BACKGROUND 474
GENES ALTERED IN SPORADIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS 475
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIET 481
METABOLIC HYPOTHESIS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER 490
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 490
References 492
26: Bladder Cancer 500
BACKGROUND 500
SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER 500
INTRINSIC GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS IN BLADDER CANCER 501
CHEMOPREVENTION OF BLADDER CANCER 502
THE FUTURE OF BLADDER CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION: A RATIONAL STRATEGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF NEW AGENTS 508
CONCLUSIONS 511
References 511
27: Differentiation Induction in Leukemia and Lymphoma 516
INTRODUCTION 516
RETINOIDS 517
RETINOID THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME 522
ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA AND RETINOIDS 523
CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA AND RETINOIDS 523
1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 523
VITAMIN K 526
ASCORBIC ACID 526
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 526
References 527
V. Bioactive Food Components and Botanical Approaches to Cancer 532
28: Dietary Supplements in Cancer Prevention and Therapy 532
INTRODUCTION 532
PREVALENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USAGE AMONG PEOPLE WITH CANCER AND THE GENERAL POPULATION 532
ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND DURING THERAPY 538
CONCLUSIONS 541
References 542
29: Dietary Fiber and Carbohydrates 546
INTRODUCTION 546
CARBOHYDRATE CLASSIFICATION AND METABOLISM 546
DIETARY FIBER 546
CARBOHYDRATES AND CANCER 548
SIMPLE SUGARS AND CANCER 548
GLYCEMIC INDEX AND CANCER 549
FIBER AND CANCER 549
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 552
References 553
30: Dietary Lipids 556
INTRODUCTION 556
FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS 556
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, PROSPECTIVE, AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 558
THE TRANSLATION INITIATION CONNECTION 561
CONCLUSION 566
References 566
31: Calcium and Vitamin D 570
OVERVIEW: CALCIUM, VITAMIN D, AND CANCER 570
VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM METABOLISM: INTERPLAY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND NUTRITION 570
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN D ACTION 572
MODULATION OF CELL TURNOVER AND CARCINOGENESIS BY VITAMIN D IN VIVO: ANIMAL STUDIES 575
CALCIUM AND CANCER RISK 576
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ON VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND CANCER 576
SUMMARY 578
References 578
32: Soy Isoflavones 584
INTRODUCTION 584
HISTORY OF SOY 584
FOOD MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SOYBEANS 584
CHEMISTRY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOFLAVONES 585
SOY AND HUMAN HEALTH 590
PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTS EXPLORING THE SOY–CANCER PREVENTION HYPOTHESIS 590
GENISTEIN AND BREAST CANCER MODELS 591
TIMING OF EXPOSURE TO SOY IN HUMANS 592
SOY, ISOFLAVONES, AND PREEXISTING BREAST CANCER 592
CONCLUSION 593
References 594
33: Selenium and Cancer Prevention 598
INTRODUCTION 598
BREAST CANCER 598
COLON CANCER 599
SELENIUM AND PROSTATE CANCER 599
MICROARRAY METHODS SEARCHING FOR POTENTIAL Se TARGETS 602
REDOX MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS BY MSA 602
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 603
CONCLUSION 604
References 604
34: Glucosinolates 608
INTRODUCTION 608
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSINOLATES IN EDIBLE PLANTS 608
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATING GLUCOSINOLATES AND CANCER PREVENTION 611
CHEMOPREVENTION STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS 612
MECHANISMS OF CANCER PREVENTION BY GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES 614
CLINICAL STUDIES WITH GLUCOSINOLATE DERIVATIVES 616
CONCLUSION 618
References 619
35: Green Tea 622
INTRODUCTION 622
TEA CHEMISTRY AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES 622
INHIBITION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN ANIMAL MODELS 623
MECHANISMS OF CANCER PREVENTION 624
BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM 626
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 627
INTERVENTION STUDIES 628
CONCLUSIONS 629
References 629
36: Garlic 632
INTRODUCTION 632
BIOACTIVE FOOD COMPONENTS AND THEIR METABOLITES 633
FREE RADICALS AND GARLIC 634
EPIGENOMICS AND GARLIC 634
GARLIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMICS 635
GARLIC AND PROTEOMICS 635
MULTIPLE TARGETS 636
INTERACTION WITH OTHER FOOD COMPONENTS 638
References 638
37: Berries 640
INTRODUCTION 640
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF BERRY BIOACTIVES 640
DISTRIBUTION OF BERRY BIOACTIVES 643
CHEMOPREVENTION STUDIES WITH BERRY BIOACTIVES 647
DIETARY INTAKE OF BERRY BIOACTIVES 648
BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM OF BERRY BIOACTIVES 649
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 650
References 650
38: Isoprenoids and Novel Inhibitors of Mevalonate Pathway Activities 654
INTRODUCTION 654
ISOPRENOIDS: PURE AND MIXED 654
PART A: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF FARNESYL PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY 657
PART B: POSTULATED ISOPRENOID-MEDIATED ACTION: SUPPRESSION OF HMG CoA REDUCTASE ACTIVITY 659
CANCER PREVENTION 661
SUMMARY 662
References 662
VI. Nutritional Assessment and Support of the Cancer Patient 670
39: Cancer Anorexia and Cachexia 670
INTRODUCTION 670
MALNUTRITION AND CACHEXIA IN CANCER 670
RELATIVE ROLES OF ANOREXIA AND METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES 671
CANCER ANOREXIA 676
APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA 678
CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 679
References 681
40: Weight Management in the Breast Cancer Survivor 686
INTRODUCTION 686
OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER MORTALITY: NONPATIENT POPULATIONS 686
OVERWEIGHT, OBESITY, AND BREAST CANCER PROGNOSIS 687
WEIGHT GAIN AFTER DIAGNOSIS AND BREAST CANCER OUTCOMES 691
OBESITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBIDITIES IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS 692
OBESITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS 692
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR AN ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC EFFECT OF OBESITY 692
METHODS FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND MAINTENANCE FOR BREAST CANCER PATIENTS 697
SUMMARY 699
References 699
41: Nutrition Support of the Adult Cancer Patient 704
INTRODUCTION 704
ENTERAL NUTRITION SUPPORT 704
PARENTERAL NUTRITION SUPPORT 708
MEETING NUTRIENT GOALS 712
HOME NUTRITION SUPPORT 713
References 716
42: Assessing Endocrine Effects of Cancer and Ectopic Hormone Syndromes 720
ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES IN THE CANCER PATIENT 720
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES 721
ECTOPIC HORMONE SYNDROMES 722
ECTOPIC PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMIC, AND PLACENTAL HORMONES 723
CONCLUSION 726
References 727
43: Counseling the Cancer Survivor 730
INTRODUCTION 730
SURVIVORSHIP 731
DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 735
References 735
44: Nutritional Support and Quality of Life 738
INTRODUCTION 738
DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF LIFE 739
PURPOSE OF QUALITY OF LIFE MEASUREMENT 741
QUALITY OF LIFE AND NUTRITION 743
EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFE 743
CONCLUSION 743
References 744
VII: Nutritional Implementation Guidelines and Practice 746
45: Modern Statistical Methods in Clinical Nutrition 746
INTRODUCTION 746
DESCRIPTION OF THE WINS STUDY 746
DESIGN ISSUES 747
IMPORTANT STATISTICAL ISSUES 748
CONDUCT OF THE TRIAL 749
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL DATA 750
RESULTS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIAL DATA 752
SUMMARY 761
CONCLUSIONS 762
References 762
46: Evidence-based Practice Management in Cancer Prevention and Treatment 764
INTRODUCTION 764
CANCER RATES AND CAUSATION 764
GRADING OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 767
HISTORY OF EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE 768
HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE 771
THE ROLES OF RCTs AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 773
METHODOLOGY ADVANCES IN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES 773
FACTORS PROMOTING EVOLUTION IN HIERARCHIES OF EVIDENCE 773
EVOLUTIONS IN EVIDENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF RESEARCH QUALITY 774
ADAPTING TO UNCERTAINTY 775
AN EMERGING STATE OF THE ART 775
References 776
APPENDIX 780
47: Dietary Guidelines in Cancer Prevention 782
INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF NUTRITION GUIDELINES IN PUBLIC HEALTH 782
CURRENT NUTRITION GUIDELINES 785
INDIVIDUALIZING THE RADIANT PYRAMID 790
CANCER-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES 792
NUTRITION GUIDELINES AND THE FUTURE 797
CONCLUSIONS 802
References 802
48: Dietary Interventions 804
UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT CANCERS (HEAD AND NECK CANCERS) 805
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 807
GASTRIC CANCER 808
COLORECTAL CANCER 809
BREAST CANCER 813
LUNG CANCER 815
PROSTATE CANCER 817
CONCLUSIONS 821
References 821
49: Future Directions in Cancer and Nutrition Research: Gene–Nutrient Interactions, Networks, and the Xenobiotic Hypothesis 832
INTRODUCTION 832
GENE–NUTRIENT INTERACTION AND THE XENOBIOTIC HYPOTHESIS OF CANCER 833
CONCLUSION 834
Index 836
Contributing Authors
Huseyin Aktas
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Demetrius Albanes
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Leonard Augenlicht
Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
Elisa V. Bandera
The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
Stephen Barnes
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
J. Carl Barrett
Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Leslie Bernstein
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
Radha M. Bheemreddy
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
Homer S. Black
Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77042
George L. Blackburn
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Benjamin Bonavida
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Laszlo G. Boros
Harbor UCLA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Susan Bowerman
Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Eve Callahan
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
Catherine L. Carpenter
Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
David Cella
Institute for Health Services Research and Policy Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
Manish C. Champaneria
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Michael Chorev
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Judith Christman
Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
Barbara E. Cohen
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Pinchas Cohen
Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Tracy D’Alessandro
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Paul Davis
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
Sven de Vos
Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Yan Dong
Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
Johanna Dwyer
, Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Robert M. Elashoff
Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
Karam El-Bayoumy
Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
Charles E. Elson
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Michele R. Forman
MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
Allen C. Gao
Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
Jeanine Genkinger
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Ellen Giarelli
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Edward Giovannucci
Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Vay Liang W. Go
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Peter Greenwald
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Sandra Guilmeau
Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
J.A. Halperin
Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Jason M. Hansen
Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Diane M. Harris
Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
David Heber
Center for Human Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Barbara Heerdt
Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
Dietrich Hoffmann
Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595
Ashraful Hoque
MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
Stephen D. Hursting
Department of Human Ecology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
Clement Ip
Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
Elizabeth T. Jacobs
Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Linda A. Jacobs
University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Elizabeth H. Jeffery
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
Gordon L. Jensen
, Vanderbilt Center for Human Nutrition, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
Dean P. Jones
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Kelly Kawaoka
John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Lalita Khaodhiar
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
Helen Kim
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Lidija Klampfer
Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
David M. Klurfeld
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
H. Phillip Koeffler
Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
Lawrence H. Kushi
Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California 94611
Joshua D. Lambert
Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
Donald Lamm
BCG Oncology, Phoenix, Arizona 85032
Janelle M. Landau
Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
Wai-Nang Paul Lee
University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
Ron Lieberman
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Scott Lippman
MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
Somdat Mahabir
Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Sandra Maier
Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
John Mariadason
Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467
James Marshall
Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
María Elena Martínez
Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
Marjorie McCullough
Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 2.5.2011 |
|---|---|
| Mitarbeit |
Chef-Herausgeber: David Heber |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Onkologie | |
| Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-045417-8 / 0080454178 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-045417-7 / 9780080454177 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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