Rabies (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Rabies 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Foreword 14
Preface 18
Chapter 1. History 20
I. Text 20
References 40
Chapter 2. Rabies Virus 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Rabies Virus Structure 44
III. Intracellular Life Cycle of Rabies Virus 54
IV. Genome Variability 64
V. Virus Spread 65
VI. Molecular Biology of Rabies Virus Proteins 66
References 80
Chapter 3. Molecular Epidemiology 98
I. Introduction 98
II. Methods and Definition of Terms 100
III. Insights: Aspects of Rabies Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Revealed by Molecular Methods of Epidemiologic Investigation 117
IV. Conclusions 127
References 127
Chapter 4. Epidemiology 132
I. Introductory Concepts 133
II. The Epidemiology of Human Rabies 135
III. Epidemiology of Rabies in Domestic Animals 145
IV. Epidemiology of Rabies in Wildlife 154
V. Epidemiology of Other Lyssaviruses 164
References 168
Chapter 5. Animal Rabies 182
I. Introduction 182
II. Host Range 183
III. Susceptibility and Transmission 184
IV. Clinical Course 187
V. Differential Diagnosis 249
VI. A Question of Immunity? 192
VII. Reservoirs and Other Lyssaviruses 193
VIII. Rabies in Domestic Animals 196
IX. Wildlife Reservoirs 204
X. Other Animals as Reservoirs 220
XI. Conclusions 225
References 226
Chapter 6. Human Disease 238
I. Introduction 238
II. Exposures and Incubation Period 239
III. Clinical Forms of Disease 241
IV. Investigations 246
V. Differential Diagnosis 249
VI. Therapy 251
VII. Recovery from Rabies 251
VIII. Rabies due to Other Lyssavirus Genotypes 254
References 256
Chapter 7. Pathogenesis 264
I. Introduction 265
II. Events at the Site of Exposure 265
III. Spread to the CNS 271
IV. Spread within the CNS 272
V. Spread from the CNS 273
VI. Animal Models of Rabies Virus Neurovirulence 275
VII. Rabies Virus Receptors 279
VIII. Brain Dysfunction in Rabies 281
IX. Recovery from Rabies and Chronic Rabies Virus Infection 291
X. Summary 293
References 293
Chapter 8. Pathology 302
I. Introduction 302
II. Histopathology of Rabies Encephalomyelitis 303
III. Involvement of the Peripheral Nervous System 309
IV. Involvement of Extraneural Organs 311
V. Pathology of Paralytic Rabies 312
VI. Ultrastructural Observations 313
VII. Conclusions 321
References 322
Chapter 9. Diagnostic Evaluation 326
I. Introduction 327
II. Postmortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals 328
III. Virus Isolation 341
IV. Detection of Viral RNA by Molecular Methods 342
V. Diagnosis of Rabies in Humans 356
VI. Rabies Antibody Assays 361
References 363
Chapter 10. Immunology 370
I. Introduction 370
II. Molecular Components of a Specific Immune Response 371
III. Immune Responses during Rabies Virus Infection 372
IV. Immunologic Basis for Postexposure Vaccination Efficiency 380
V. Conclusions 383
References 384
Chapter 11. Vaccines 390
I. Human Rabies Vaccines 391
II. Rabies Vaccines for Domestic Animals 397
III. The Next Generation of Rabies Vaccines 404
References 411
Chapter 12. Public Health Management of Humans at Risk 420
I. Introduction 420
II. Preexposure Vaccination 423
III. Postexposure Treatment 428
IV. Travel to Developing Countries 436
V. Adverse Reactions to Cell-Culture Vaccines 438
VI. Interchangeability of Vaccines 438
VII. Large-Scale Human Exposures 439
VIII. Rabies Vaccination of Animals 439
IX. Postexposure Treatment in Developing Countries 440
References 442
Chapter 13. Control of Dog Rabies 448
I. Introduction 448
II. History 449
III. Dog Accessibility: A New Term in Canine Rabies Control 454
IV. Present Approaches to Dog Rabies Control 456
V. Significance of Public Awareness and Interdisciplinary Collaboration 458
VI. Research on Oral Vaccination 459
VII. Summary 460
References 461
Chapter 14. Rabies Control in Wildlife 464
I. The Concept of Controlling Rabies in Wildlife 465
II. Chiropteran Rabies Control 466
III. Initiation of Wildlife Rabies Control Programs 466
IV. Diagnosis of Suspect Wildlife 468
V. Animal Population Reduction: The First Call for Control 468
VI. Vector Species Biology, Epidemiology, and Genetics 469
VII. Transportation of Wildlife 470
VIII. Oral Rabies Vaccine Development 470
IX. Vaccine Bait Development 470
X. Biomarkers 471
XI. ORV Initiation 473
XII. Importance of the Home Range of Vector Species in Bait Distribution 474
XIII. Large-Scale Vaccine Bait Distribution Technology 475
XIV. Postdrop Surveillance of Target Species 477
XV. Vaccine Baiting Costs 478
XVI. Vaccine Baiting Efficiency and Cost Reduction 479
XVII. Baiting Success Guidelines 480
XVIII. Modeling 482
XIX. Program Perpetuation 483
References 484
Chapter 15. Future Developments and Challenges 492
I. Introduction 492
II. Pathogenesis 493
III. Epidemiology and Molecular Epidemiology 493
IV. Prevention of Human Rabies and Control of Animal Rabies 494
V. Diagnosis and Therapy of Human Disease 496
VI. Summary 496
References 497
Index 500