Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 18
Preface 24
Part I: Health Effects of Antioxidant Nutrients 28
Chapter 1. Vitamin E and Lung Cancer Prevention 30
Introduction 30
Review of Studies 31
The Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey 54
Conclusions and Further Research 57
References 57
Chapter 2. Natural Antioxidants in the Protection against Cigarette Smoke Injury 62
Introduction 62
Smoking as an Oxidative Stress 63
Antioxidant Supplement of Smokers 65
Natural Phenolics and Smoking 66
Conclusions 67
References 68
Part II: Nutrients 70
Chapter 3. Emerging Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease Prevention: A Look at the Data, with an Emphasis on Vitamin C 72
Introduction 72
Laboratory and Animal Data on Oxidation and Antioxidants 73
Epidemiologic Data on Antioxidants and Cancer 75
Intakes and Blood Levels 77
Discussion 78
References 79
Chapter 4. Biological Activities of Tocotrienols and Tocopherols 82
Introduction 82
Vitamin E Chemistry and Biologic Activity 84
Absorption, Transport, and Metabolism 86
Tissue Vitamin E 90
Conclusions and Implications 94
References 94
Chapter 5. Effects of High Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Probucol on Protein Kinase C Activity and Proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells 100
Introduction 101
Materials and Methods 102
Results 104
Discussion 108
References 110
Chapter 6. A New Function for Selenoproteins: Peroxynitrite Reduction 114
Introduction 115
Materials and Methods 116
Results 117
Discussion 124
References 127
Chapter 7. Selenium Peroxidases in Mammalian Testis 130
References 136
Chapter 8. a-Lipoic Acid: Cell Regulatory Function and Potential Therapeutic Implications 138
Introduction 138
The Lipoate–Dihydrolipoate Redox Cycle 139
Proglutathione Effect 139
Radical Scavenging 140
Antioxidant Defense Network 140
Cell Calcium and NF-KB 140
Glutamate Cytotoxicity 142
Apoptosis 143
Reductive Stress 143
Summary 145
References 145
Chapter 9. Natural Sources of Lipoic Acid in Plant and Animal Tissues 148
Introduction 148
Methods of Analysis 150
Results 152
Discussion 155
References 159
Chapter 10. Determination of Protein-Bound Lipoic Acid in Tissues by the Enzyme Recycling Method 162
Introduction 163
Assay Procedure of Protein-Bound Lipoate 163
Determination of Lipoyllysine Levels in Tissue Samples 164
Discussion 165
References 168
Chapter 11. Reaction of Ubiquinols with Nitric Oxide 170
Introduction 170
Redox Properties of Ubiquinols 171
Extramitochondrial Ubiquinol and Free Radicals 175
Inner Mitochondria1 Membrane Ubiquinol and Free Radicals 179
Concluding Remarks 184
References 185
Chapter 12. Coenzyme-Q Redox Cycle as an Endogenous Antioxidant 192
Introduction 192
Materials and Methods 194
Results 196
Discussion 203
References 207
Chapter 13. Carotenoids: Occurrence, Biochemical Activities, and Bioavailability 210
Introduction 210
Occurrence of Carotenoids 211
Biochemical Activities of Carotenoids 214
Antioxidant Activity of Carotenoids 215
Carotenoid Effects on Gap Junctional Communication 219
Biokinetics of Carotenoids 221
References 223
Chapter 14. Dietary Carotenoids and Their Metabolites as Potentially Useful Chemoprotective Agents against Cancer 230
Introduction 230
Experimental Procedures 232
Separation of Optical Stereoisomers of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Human Plasma by HPLC 234
Dietary Carotenoids and Their Metabolites As Cancer Chemopreventive Agents 240
Conclusion 252
References 253
Chapter 15. Cancer Prevention by Natural Carotenoids 258
a-Carotene 258
Lutein 260
Zeaxanthin 261
Lycopene 261
b-Cryptoxanthin 262
Phytoene 262
References 265
Chapter 16. Screening of Phenolics and Flavonoids for Antioxidant Activity 266
Introduction 266
Requisite Characteristics for Effective Antioxidants 267
Direct Reducing Properties Through Electron/H Donation 268
Transition Metal Chelation: Effective Chelation Versus Reducing Activities 270
Scavenging of Reactive Nitrogen Species 272
Interception of Chain Propagation by Scavenging Lipid Peroxyl Radicals 275
Summary 278
References 278
Chapter 17. Dietary Flavonoids as Plasma Antioxidants on Lipid Peroxidation: Significance of Metabolic Conversion 282
Introduction 282
Structure–Activity Relationship of Flavonoids in the Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation 284
Oxidative Modification of Plasma Lipoproteins and Its Inhibition by Flavonoids 286
Flavonoids in the Digestive Tract and Their Intestinal Absorption 287
Metabolic Conversion and Enterohepatic Circulation 289
Metabolites as Antioxidants in Blood Plasma 291
Conclusion 293
References 294
Chapter 18. Flavonoids in Foods 296
Introduction 297
Flavonoid Content of Foods and Beverages 299
Dietary Intake of Flavonoids 306
Research Needs 306
References 307
Chapter 19. Dietary Flavonoids and Interaction with Physiologic Antioxidants 310
Introduction 310
Flavonoid Occurrence in Foods and Beverages 311
Flavonoid Activities 314
Flavonol and Catechin Absorption and Metabolism 317
Radical-Scavenging and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Flavonol and Catechin Metabolites 322
In Vivo Antioxidant Mechanism 324
Evidence of a Relationship Between Rate and Extent of Absorption and Modification of Plasma Antioxidant Status 326
Summary 331
References 332
Part III: Natural Source Antioxidants 336
Chapter 20. From Ancient Pine Bark Uses to Pycnogenol 338
Introduction 338
Ancient Pine Nomenclature 339
Climate Uniqueness of the French Maritime Pine 340
Traditional Pine Bark Uses 341
Pycnogenol 344
Summary 347
References 347
Chapter 21. Procyanidins from Pinus maritima Bark: Antioxidant Activity, Effects on the Immune System, and Modulation of Nitrogen Monoxide Metabolism 350
Introduction 350
Pycnogenol 351
Pycnogenol as an Antioxidant 353
Pycnogenol and the Immune System 360
Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Physiology and Disease 360
Modulation of Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Macrophages by Pycnogenol 363
Future Studies and Possible Fields of Application of Pycnogenol 366
References 367
Chapter 22. Antioxidant Properties of Ginkgo biloba Extract: EGb 370
Introduction 370
Radical-Scavenging Activities of Ginkgo biloba Extract 371
Biological Approach of Ginkgo biloba Extract 372
Ginkgo biloba Extract and Pathological Conditions 374
Ginkgo biloba Extract and Cardiovascular System 378
Conclusion 379
References 380
Chapter 23. Downregulation of Agonist-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Cell–Cell Adhesion by Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761: Therapeutic Efficacy in Circulatory Disorders 386
Introduction 386
Nitric Oxide Metabolism 387
Cell Adhesion 391
Therapeutic Potential 393
Summary 394
References 395
Chapter 24. Reactive Oxygen Species Increase Neutrophil Adherence to Endothelial Cells and Activate Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Cytoskeleton Proteins 398
Introduction 398
Implication of Adhesion Molecules in ROS-Stimulated Neutrophil Adherence 400
ROS Involved in PMN–Endothelial Cells Adhesion 402
Intracellular Mechanisms Involved in PMN Adhesion to ROS-Stimulated HUVEC 405
References 408
Chapter 25. Natural Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Impact on Health 412
Introduction 412
Chemical and Biological Properties 413
Protective Role of Plant Flavonoids 414
Natural Phenolic Antioxidants 414
Conclusions 417
References 418
Chapter 26. Antioxidants in Herbs: Polyphenols 420
Introduction 420
Antioxidant Components Distributed Widely and Abundantly in Herbs 420
Volatile and Nonvolatile Components in Herbs 421
Polyphenols as Antioxidant Components in Herbs 423
Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids 424
Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids and Tannins 426
Structure, Molecular Size, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols 426
Reverse Activities of Antioxidants 430
Safety of Polyphonies in Food and Herbs 436
References 436
Chapter 27. Mixed Japanese Herbs and Age-Related Neuronal Functions 438
Introduction 438
Sho-Saiko-To-Go-Keishi-Ka-Shakuyaku-To 439
Toki-Shakuyaku-San 443
Hachimi-Jio-Gan 447
Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease 448
Conclusion 448
References 452
Chapter 28. Actions of Tea Polyphenols in Oral Hygiene 456
Introduction 456
Tea Catechins and Theaflavins 456
Inhibition of Infectivity of Influenza Virus 457
Prevention of Dental Caries 462
Suppression of Bad Breath 466
Conclusion 468
References 469
Chapter 29. The Food Industry and Functional Foods: Tea Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease 472
Introduction 472
Composition of Tea 473
Epidemiology of Tea and Cardiovascular Disease 475
Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Protection by Tea Antioxidants 476
Tea and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity 481
Discussion 482
References 484
Chapter 30. Antioxidant Properties of Crassostera gigas 0yster Extract 488
Introduction 488
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of JCOE 489
Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of JCOE 491
Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Cellular Injury 491
Conclusion 494
References 495
Chapter 31. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Uyaku (Lindera strychnifolia), a Natural Extract Used in Traditional Medicine 498
Introduction 499
Materials and Methods 499
Results 502
Discussion 503
References 506
Chapter 32. Biological Effects of the Fermentation Product of Carica papaya (Bio-Normalizer) 508
Introduction 508
Antioxidant Property of Bio-Normalizer 509
Immunomodulating Activity of Bio-Normalizer 511
Summary 521
References 521
Index 524