Vitamins and Hormones (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Fertilization Promoting Peptide„A Possible Regulator of Sperm Function in Vivo 14
I. Introduction 15
II. Fertilization Promoting Peptide 16
III. Fertilization Promoting Peptide Receptor 23
IV. Mechanism of Action of Fertilization Promoting Peptide 25
V. Other Seminal Plasma Peptides 30
VI. Discussion 33
References 37
Chapter 2. Cytokines and Pituitary Hormone Secretion 42
I. Introduction 42
II. Cytokines in the Brain 44
III. IL Receptors in the Brain 45
IV. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Control of Hypothalamic–Pituitary Function 46
V. The Role of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary System in Infection 48
VI. The Effect of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide on the Release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone 51
VII. The NOergic Control of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Release 54
VIII. The Effect of Cytokines (IL-1 and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) on the NOergic Control of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Release 58
IX. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Mating Behavior 59
X. The Effect of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide on the Release of Other Hypothalamic Peptides 60
XI. The Action of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide to Control Release of Anterior Pituitary Hormones 61
XII. The Adipocyte Hormone Leptin 63
XIII. The Control of Cytokine Release 66
XIV. Concluding Remarks 68
References 69
Chapter 3. Mechanism of GnRH Receptor Signaling on Gonadotropin Release and Gene Expression in Pituitary Gonadotrophs 76
I. Introduction 77
II. GnRH Receptor: Structure–Function Studies 78
III. Phosphoinositide Turnover and Sequential Activation of Phospholipases 84
IV. Role of Calcium in GnRH Action 86
V. Role of Protein Kinase C 87
VI. Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 89
VII. Role of Arachidonic Acid 92
VIII. Integration of Signaling Molecules 93
IX. The Pituitary as an Independent Endogenous Oscillator 93
References 95
Chapter 4. Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Neurons: Mechanism of Pulsatile LHRH Release 104
I. Introduction 105
II. Physiology and Anatomy of LHRH Neurons 105
III. Models for Studying Pulsatile Release of LHRH 108
IV. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of LHRH Pulse Generation 110
V. Intercellular Signals 115
VI. Steroid Hormones 127
VII. Mathematical Models 127
References 128
Chapter 5. LH Pulses and the Corpus Luteum: The Luteal Phase Deficiency (LPD) 144
I. Introduction 145
II. The Short Luteal Phase as a Cause of Infertility 145
III. Serum Progesterone Levels in Infertile Subjects 146
IV. What Is NormalŽ? 148
V. Treatment of Luteal Phase Deficiencies 167
References 167
Chapter 6. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor: Structure and Function 172
I. Introduction 172
II. Gene Structure and Expression of G-CSF-R 173
III. Structure–Function of G-CSF-R 176
IV. G-CSF and Its Biological Roles 179
V. G-CSF-R Signal Transduction 181
VI. Neutrophil Differentiation: A Model 189
VII. G-CSF-R Mutation in Human Disease 191
VIII. Clinical Use of G-CSF 192
IX. Concluding Remarks 194
References 194
Chapter 7. The Physiological Role of Melanocortin Receptors 208
I. Introduction 208
II. The Melanocortin Receptors 210
III. The Melanocortic Peptides and Useful Ligands 215
IV. Pigmentation 220
V. Inflammation 221
VI. Food Intake 223
VII. Cardiovascular Effects 228
VIII. Sexual Function 230
IX. Other Functions 232
X. Concluding Remarks 234
References 235
Chapter 8. The Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor 246
I. Introduction 246
II. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone 247
III. Isolation of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor 249
IV. Structural Features of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor 249
V. Hormone Binding and Cellular Signaling by the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor 250
VI. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Structure 252
VII. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor Expression and Regulation 257
VIII. Isoforms and Variants of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor 261
IX. Interaction between the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor and Its Ligand 265
X. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor in Diseases of the Growth Hormone Axis 268
XI. Summary and Perspectives 273
References 278
Index 290