Flaviviruses: Detection, Diagnosis and Vaccine Development (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Part 1: DIAGNOSIS AND SURVEILLANCE 18
Chapter 1. Serodiagnosis of Flaviviral Infections and Vaccinations in Humans 20
I. Introduction 20
II. Serodiagnostic Tests 21
III. Specimens 43
IV. Variations in Antibody Responses and Antibody Kinetics 45
V. Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity 54
VI. Properties of Serologic Tests 58
VII. Commercial Reagents, Test Kits, and Services 63
VIII. Diagnostic Strategies 64
References 65
Chapter 2. Molecular Amplification Assays for the Detection of Flaviviruses 84
I. Introduction. 84
II. Overview of Molecular Amplification Technologies 85
III. RT-PCR–Based Assays for Flaviviruses 98
IV. NASBA Assays for Flaviviruses 110
V. Conclusion 111
References 112
Part 2: VIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EMERGENCE 118
Chapter 3. Japanese Encephalitis 120
I. History 120
II. Clinical Description 121
III. Congenital Infection 127
IV. Animal Infections 127
V. Geographic Distribution 128
VI. Geographic Variation in Virus Strains 132
VII. Recent Changes in Geographic Range 137
VIII. Incidence and Prevalence 137
IX. Risk Factors 139
X. Ecological Factors in Disease Transmission 141
XI. Future Directions 147
References 148
Chapter 4. Epidemiology of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus 156
I. History 156
II. Clinical Description and Diagnosis 159
III. Geographical Distribution and Genetic Variation 163
IV. Incidence and Prevalence. 164
V. Risk Factors 166
VI. Transmission Cycles 171
VII. Surveillance and Control 185
VIII. Impact of West Nile Virus Introduction 188
References 190
Chapter 5. West NileVirus: Epidemiology and Ecology in North America 202
I. Introduction 202
II. History 203
III. Clinical Description 204
IV. Geographic Distribution 217
V. Molecular Epidemiology 218
VI. Epidemiology and Epizootiology 219
VII. Ecology 225
VIII. Future Directions 241
References 242
Chapter 6. Dengue Epidemiology:Virus Epidemiology, Ecology,and Emergence 252
I. Introduction 252
II. History 253
III. Clinical Description 254
IV. Pathophysiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 258
V. Geographical Distribution 264
VI. Ecology of Dengue from a Biological Perspective 275
VII. Control of DF/DHF by Management of the Mosquito Vector 279
VIII. Future Prospects 282
IX. Conclusions 283
References 284
Chapter 7. Epidemiology and Ecology of Yellow Fever Virus 308
I. History 308
II. Classification 309
III. Ecology of Yellow Fever Virus 310
IV. Epidemiology of Yellow Fever Virus 315
V. Molecular Biology of Yellow Fever Virus 321
VI. Reemergence of Yellow Fever as a Major Public Health Problem 326
References 330
Chapter 8. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses 334
I. Introduction 335
II. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, a Major Human Pathogen 337
III. Other Encephalitic Tick-Transmitted Flaviviruses 352
IV. Non-Encephalitic Mammalian Tick-Borne Flaviviruses 357
V. ‘‘Hemorrhagic’’ Tick-Borne Viruses 358
VI. Seabird Tick-Transmitted Viruses 364
VII. Control of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Prospects for Live Attenuated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccines 365
VIII. Conclusions 376
References 377
Chapter 9. Epidemiology of Other Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses Infecting Humans 390
I. Introduction 390
II. Other Flaviviruses of Africa 391
III. Other Flaviviruses of Europe 395
IV. Other Flaviviruses of Asia 396
V. A Flavivirus Common to North America and Asia 400
VI. Other Flaviviruses of North America 401
VII. Other Flaviviruses of South America 402
VIII. Arboviruses of Australia and New Guinea. 405
References 406
Part 3: VACCINES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS 410
Chapter 10. Formalin-Inactivated Whole Virus and Recombinant Subunit Flavivirus Vaccines 412
I. Introduction 413
II. Inactivated Whole Virus Vaccines 414
III. Recombinant Subunit Virus Vaccines 422
IV. Summary and Conclusions 429
References 430
Chapter 11. Empirically Derived Live-AttenuatedVaccines against Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis 436
I. Live-Attenuated Dengue Virus Vaccines 437
II. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine 451
References 457
Chapter 12. DNA Vaccines for Flaviviruses 462
I. Introduction 462
II. DNA Vaccines for Dengue Fever 464
III. DNA Vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis 470
IV. DNA Vaccines for Tick-Borne Encephalitis 476
V. DNA Vaccines for West Nile Encephalitis 478
VI. DNA Vaccines for Other Flavivirus Diseases 479
VII. Conclusion 481
References 482
Chapter 13. Chimeric Flaviviruses:Novel Vaccines against Dengue Fever, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, and Japanese Encephalitis 486
I. Introduction 487
II. Flavivirus Full-Length cDNA Clones and Attenuating Mutations 491
III. Chimeric Flaviviruses against Dengue Using DEN4 as the Backbone 493
IV. Chimeric Flaviviruses against TBE Using DEN4 as the Backbone 501
V. Chimeric Flaviviruses against Dengue Using Attenuated DEN2 PDK-53 as the Backbone 504
VI. Chimeric Flaviviruses Using YF 17D Vaccine Strain as the Backbone 506
VII. Summary 518
References 518
Chapter 14. Prospects for Antiviral Therapy 528
I. Introduction 528
II. Targets for Antiviral Therapy 528
III. Antiviral Therapy: Past, Present, and Future 544
IV. Animal Models 556
V. Perspectives 558
References 558
Index 572
Color Plate Section 596