Research Advances in Rabies (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Research Advances in Rabies 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface 18
Chapter 1: Rabies Virus Transcription and Replication 20
I. Introduction 21
II. Molecular Aspects of Viral Transcription and Replication 21
III. Structural Aspect of RABV Transcription and Replication Proteins Involved in Transcription and Replication...
IV. Cellular Aspect of Rabies Transcription and Replication: IBs Formed in Infected Cells Are the Sites of Viral RNA Synthesis 35
V. Concluding Remarks 37
Acknowledgments 37
References 38
Chapter 2: Rabies Virus Assembly and Budding 42
I. Introduction 43
II. Rabies Virus M Protein 43
III. The Central Role of M and Supporting Role of G in RABV Budding 44
IV. Features of M Protein Important for Budding 44
V. Viral L-Domain/Host Interactions 45
VI. Ubiquitination and RABV Budding 47
VII. Summary 48
Acknowledgments 48
References 48
Chapter 3: Evasive Strategies in Rabies Virus Infection 52
I. Introduction 53
II. Evasion from host immune responses 53
III. Preservation of neuron and neuronal network integrity 60
IV. Conclusions on RABV Evasive Strategies 64
References 66
Chapter 4: Rabies Virus Clearance from the Central Nervous System 74
I. Introduction 75
II. Rabies Virus 76
III. Animal Reservoirs of the Rabies Virus and the Threat of Human Rabies 76
IV. Human Rabies 78
V. The Current Rabies Postexposure Treatment Paradigm 79
VI. Obstacles in Clearing Wild-type Rabies Virus from the CNS 79
VII. Prospects for Human Rabies Immunotherapy Through Virus Clearance From the CNS 85
Acknowledgments 88
References 88
Chapter 5: Role of Chemokines in Rabies Pathogenesis and Protection 92
I. Introduction 93
II. Chemokines 94
III. The Role of Chemokines in the CNS When Infected by Viruses 96
IV. Induction of Chemokine Expression in RABV Infections 98
V. Overexpression of Chemokines Can Benefit the Host If the Expression Is Transient While It Harms the Host If the Expression 99
VI. Chemokines Expression Correlates with the Activation of Dendritic Cells and Enhancement of Adaptive Immunity... 100
VII. Recombinant RABV Expressing Chemokines/Cytokines Can Be Used Effectively to Prevent the Development of Rabies... 101
VIII. Summary 103
Acknowledgments 104
References 104
Chapter 6: Interferon in Rabies Virus Infection 110
I. Introduction 111
II. Rabies and Interferon 115
III. Conclusions and Future Outlook 125
Acknowledgments 126
References 126
Chapter 7: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Induction of Immune Responses During Rabies Virus Infection 134
I. Toll-Like Receptors 135
II. Rabies in MyD88-Deficient Mice 137
III. The Host Response to Rabies Infection Involves TLR7 138
IV. The Contribution of TLR7 Signaling to the Control of Rabies Virus Spread to the CNS and Clearance from CNS Tissues... 140
V. TLR7 and the Diverse Pathogenicities of Rabies Virus Variants 142
VI. Conclusions and Relevance to Therapeutic Immunization 143
Acknowledgments 143
References 144
Chapter 8: Role of Oxidative Stress in Rabies Virus Infection 146
I. Introduction 147
II. Degeneration of Neuronal Processes in Experimental Rabies 147
III. Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons for Studying Neuronal Process Degeneration 148
IV. Oxidative Stress 150
V. Oxidative Stress in Rabies Virus Infection 152
VI. Conclusions 154
Acknowledgments 155
References 155
Chapter 9: Rabies Virus as a Research Tool and Viral Vaccine Vector 158
I. Rabies Virus as a Research Tool 159
II. The Need for Novel Vaccines for RABV 163
III. Modified Replication-Competent RABV as Rabies Vaccines for Wildlife 164
IV. RABV-Based Vectors as Vaccines Against Other Infectious Diseases 167
V. Safety: Generating Safer RABV Vaccines and Vectors for Use in Humans 172
VI. Replication-Deficient or Single-Cycle RABV 172
VII. Potential Novel Human Rabies Vaccines Based on Replication-Deficient RABV 173
VIII. Replication-Deficient/Single-Cycle RABV as Vaccine Vector 174
IX. Killed RABV-RABV Proteins as Carriers of Foreign Antigens 174
References 175
Chapter 10: Rabies Virus as a Transneuronal Tracer of Neuronal Connections 184
I. Introduction 185
II. Differences in Properties of Alpha-Herpesviruses and Rabies Virus as Transneuronal Tracers 188
III. Rabies Virus 192
IV. Perspectives 213
Acknowledgments 214
References 215
Chapter 11: Molecular Phylogenetics of the Lyssaviruses-Insights from a Coalescent Approach 222
I. Introduction 223
II. Lyssavirus Phylogeny 224
III. Lyssavirus Phylogeography 226
IV. Lyssavirus Adaptation 245
V. Concluding Remarks 250
References 251
Chapter 12: Bats and Lyssaviruses 258
I. Introduction 259
II. Bat Lyssaviruses: Eurasia and Australasia 263
III. Bat Lyssaviruses: Africa 273
IV. Bat Rabies and the Americas 280
V. Discussion 289
Acknowledgments 297
References 297
Chapter 13: Postexposure Prophylaxis for Rabies in Resource-Limited/Poor Countries 310
I. Introduction 311
II. Local Wound Care 311
III. Evaluation of Risk of Rabies Exposure 312
IV. Postexposure Prophylaxis of Previously Unvaccinated Patients 314
V. Postexposure Prophylaxis in Previously Vaccinated Patients 320
VI. Postexposure Prophylaxis Failures 322
References 323
Chapter 14: Neuroimaging in Rabies 328
I. Introduction 329
II. Neuroimaging Techniques 330
III. Neuroimaging in Rabies 333
IV. Newer Neuroimaging Techniques in Rabies 339
V. Conclusions 343
Acknowledgments 344
References 344
Chapter 15: Rabies Virus Infection and MicroRNAs 348
I. Introduction 349
II. MicroRNAs 349
III. miRNAs and Viruses 352
IV. Inhibition of Rabies Viral Replication by siRNA/amiRNA 357
V. Conclusions 359
References 359
Chapter 16: Design of Future Rabies Biologics and Antiviral Drugs 364
I. Introduction 365
II. Vaccines 365
III. Antibodies 370
IV. Antiviral Drugs 373
V. Conclusions 376
References 376
Chapter 17: Therapy of Human Rabies 384
I. Introduction 385
II. Prevention of Rabies 385
III. Therapy of Rabies 386
IV. New Approaches 390
V. Conclusions 391
References 391
Chapter 18: Mathematical Models for Rabies 396
I. Introduction 397
II. The Development of the Mathematical Approach to Rabies Dynamics 398
III. Modeling Approaches Using Reaction Diffusion Methods 400
IV. Methods for Incorporating Landscape Heterogeneities 403
V. Stochastic Models 406
VI. Incorporating Stochasticity and Spatial Heterogeneity 407
VII. Optimal Control 411
VIII. Conclusions 413
Acknowledgments 413
References 414
Chapter 19: Evolution of Wildlife Rabies Control Tactics 416
I. Introduction 417
II. Historical and Contemporary Wildlife Rabies Control Tactics 417
III. Advances in Rabies Vaccine-Bait Delivery Systems for Wildlife 420
IV. Advances in Wildlife Rabies Vaccines 424
V. Advances in the Assessment of Wildlife Vaccination Systems 426
VI. Advances in Contingency and Management Planning for Wildlife Rabies Control 427
VII. Advances in Technologies for Studying the Ecology of the Rabies Virus and Wildlife Rabies Vector Species 429
VIII. Summary 432
References 433
Chapter 20: Understanding Effects of Barriers on the Spread and Control of Rabies 440
I. The Concept and Mechanisms of Barriers 441
II. Assessing Barrier Effects 444
III. Assessing Interaction of Vaccination Barriers and Habitat Patterns 450
IV. Discussion 463
Acknowledgments 464
References 464
Chapter 21: Rabies Research in Resource-Poor Countries 468
References 473
Index 476