History of Immunology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
A History of Immunology 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
List of plates 10
Foreword: On history and historians 12
Preface to the second edition 18
Preface to the first edition 20
Colophon 23
Part One Intellectual History 24
Chapter 1 Theories of acquired immunity 26
Magic and theurgic origin of disease 28
Expulsion theories of acquired immunity 30
A distension theory: iatrophysics 33
Depletion theories 35
The retention theory and other concepts 41
Notes and references 44
Chapter 2 Cellular vs humoral immunity 48
Background to the conflict 49
Cellular vs humoral immunity 55
Consequences of the humoralist victory 61
Notes and references 63
Chapter 3 Theories of antibody formation 66
Antigen-incorporation theories 67
The first selection theory 70
Instruction theories 72
Selection theories 81
Conclusions 86
Notes and references 87
Chapter 4 The generation of antibody diversity: the germline/somatic mutation debate 92
The background: the ever-enlarging repertoire 92
The cornerstones of the opposing positions 93
Resolution of the debate 98
The evolutionary paradox 100
Notes and references 104
Chapter 5 The clonal selection theory challenged: the ‘‘immunological self’’ 108
Challenges to clonal selection 108
The clonal selection theory 110
Notes and references 116
Chapter 6 The concept of immunologic specificity 120
The background to biological specificity 121
Paul Ehrlich: specific receptors 125
The Ehrlich-Bordet debates 130
The Ehrlich-Gruber debate 134
Karl Landsteiner, The Compleat Immunochemist 137
Specificity and theories of antibody formation 142
Notes and references 145
Chapter 7 Immunologic specificity: solutions 152
The structural basis of immunological specificity 153
Specificity in cellular immunity 161
Specific triggers and nonspecific amplifiers 166
Specificity and repertoire size 168
Conclusions 170
Notes and references 170
Chapter 8 Horror autotoxicus: the concept ofnbspautoimmunity1 176
The real meaning of horror autotoxicus 177
The ‘‘classical period’’ of autoimmunity research 179
The Dark Ages of autoimmunity research 184
The modern period of autoimmunity research 187
Conclusions 194
Notes and references 195
Chapter 9 Allergy and immunopathology: thenbsp‘‘price’’ of immunity 200
Early observations4 201
The debate on the mechanism of allergy 203
Progress in allergy - the clinical discipline46 209
The concept of ‘‘allergy of infection’’ 212
Progress on delayed (tuberculin)-type hypersensitivity 216
Other immunopathologic processes 221
Immunologic deficiency diseases 223
Conclusions 225
Notes and references 226
Chapter 10 Anti-antibodies and anti-idiotype immunoregulation 1899-1904 234
Idiotypes and anti-idiotypes, 1963-1985 235
The background to anti-antibodies, 1890-1899 239
Anti-antibodies, 1899-1904 242
The demise of anti-antibody theories, 1901-1905 248
Conclusions 249
Notes and references 250
Chapter 11 Transplantation and immunogenetics 254
Transplantation biology 255
The renaissance of transplantation biology 263
Progress in transplantation research 267
Immunogenetics76 271
Notes and references 276
Part Two Social History 282
Chapter 12 The uses of antibody: magic bullets and magic markers 284
Immunotherapy 285
Immunodiagnosis 292
Identification, assay, and localization 296
Taxonomy and anthropology 302
Forensic pathology 303
Comment 304
Notes and references 305
Chapter 13 The royal experiment: 1721-1722 314
Smallpox and its prevention 314
The introduction of inoculation into England 315
The royal experiment 318
Discussion 321
Notes and references 324
Chapter 14 The languages of immunological dispute 328
The Donath-Landsteiner discovery: 1904 328
Linguistic aspects of the great immunological debate 330
Karl Landsteiner’s scientific style 336
Contemporary views of the Donath-Landsteiner report 338
The lexicon of scientific dispute 341
Notes and references 343
Chapter 15 The search for cell-bound antibodies: on the influence of dogma 348
The historical background to the problem 349
The hegemony of the antibody paradigm 351
The search for IgT 353
Resolution: T and B cells and the TCR 354
Comment 355
Notes and references 356
Chapter 16 ‘‘Natural’’ antibodies and ‘‘virgin’’ lymphocytes: the importance of context 360
‘‘Natural’’ antibodies 360
‘‘Virgin’’ lymphocytes 365
Notes and references 368
Chapter 17 The dynamics of conceptual change in immunology 370
The research program of early immunology 371
The fate of the early research programs 375
The rise of immunochemistry 377
The immunobiological revolution 380
Comment 382
Notes and references 384
Chapter 18 Immunology in transition 1951-1972: the role of international meetings and discipline leaders1 390
Immunological meetings, 1951-1972 391
The disciplinary leadership of immunology, 1951-1972 394
The inner dynamics of immunology, 1951-1972 397
Comment 406
Notes and references 407
Immunological meetings, 1951-1972 411
1951 411
1953 411
1954 411
1955 411
1956 412
1957 412
1958 412
1959 412
1960 412
1961 413
1962 413
1963 413
1964 413
1965 414
1966 414
1967 414
1968 415
1969 415
1970 415
1971 416
1972 416
Chapter 19 The emergence of subdisciplines 418
Ocular immunology 419
Pediatric immunology 425
Immunophysiology 430
Comment 436
Notes and references 437
Chapter 20 Immune hemolysis: on the value of experimental systems 444
Background to the discovery 444
Conceptual consequences 445
Practical consequences of immune hemolysis 448
Comments 450
Notes and references 451
Chapter 21 Darwinism and immunology: from Metchnikoff to Burnet 454
The struggle for existence 455
Immunochemistry: immunology without Darwin 457
Immunobiology: Darwin returns to immunology 458
Darwinism triumphant 459
Notes and references 460
Chapter 22 The end of immunology? 464
Declarations of ‘‘the end’’ in other fields 465
Silent decisions to leave immunology 466
Silent decisions to join immunology 467
Other examples of discipline shift 469
Comment 470
Notes and references 472
Appendix A - The calendar of immunologic progress 478
A1. Epochs in immunology 478
A2. Seminal discoveries 481
A3: Important books in immunology, 1892–1968 483
Appendix B - Nobel Prize highlights in immunology 488
Appendix C - Biographical dictionary 498
Author Index 526
Subject Index 540