Entropy, Water and Resources (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction 10
Part I The Water Use Model 13
2 Conceptual Foundations: Thermodynamics and Capital Theory 14
2.1 Thermodynamics and Its Equivalency to Information Theory 14
2.1.1 Entropy, Temperature and Heat 15
2.1.2 Entropy, Probability, and Information 15
2.1.3 Relations Between Work and Exergy 16
2.1.4 Exergy Far from the Thermodynamic Equilibrium 18
2.1.5 Relations Between Exergy and Information 19
2.1.6 Thermodynamics of Economic Transformation Processes 20
2.2 The Concept of Capital Theory 23
2.2.1 Neo-Austrian Capital Theory as Example 23
2.2.2 Capital Theory and Its Natural Sciences Consistency 27
3 General Design of Dynamic Models for Water Uses 29
3.1 Model Structure and Economic Activities 29
3.2 Characteristics of Production Activities 32
3.2.1 Criteria for the Extraction and Use of Raw Materials 32
3.2.2 Characteristics of Producing and Using Energy and Water 37
3.2.3 Characteristics of Wastewater Treatment Activities 41
3.3 Technological Progress and Human Labour Inputs 42
4 Specifications for Constructing the Water Use Model 45
4.1 Structure and Characteristics of the Water Use Model 45
4.2 Process Coefficients for the Water Use Model 52
4.2.1 Process Coefficients for the Production Sector 52
4.2.1.1 The Coefficients for the Extraction Processes for the Raw Material 53
4.2.1.2 The Coefficients for Producing Energy 57
4.2.1.3 Summary of the Process Coefficients for the Production Sector 58
4.2.2 Process Coefficients for the Reproduction Sector 59
4.2.3 The Wastewater Treatment Coefficients 61
5 Constraints of the Water Use Model 66
5.1 The Constraints for the Consumption Good Amounts 67
5.2 The Constraints for Extracting Raw Materials 67
5.3 Constraints for Water and Wastewater Amounts 68
5.4 Constraints for Free Energy 69
5.5 Constraints for Human Labour Inputs 73
5.6 Constraints for Sustaining and Developing the Capital Stock 76
5.7 Aggregation of Processes to Sectors 77
5.7.1 Energy and Human Labour Inputs for the Production Sector 77
5.7.2 Energy and Human Labour Inputs for the Water Sectors 78
6 Optimality Conditions of the Water Use Model 80
6.1 The Optimization Concept 80
6.2 Optimality Conditions for the Demand Side 82
6.3 Optimality Conditions for the Production Side 83
6.3.1 Non-profit Conditions for the Production Sector 83
6.3.1.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for the Production Sector 84
A.1.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for the Consumption Good Process 85
A.1.2 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Producing the Capital Good 86
A.1.3 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Extracting the Raw Materials for the Consumption Good Process 86
A.1.4 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Extracting the Raw Materials to Produce the Capital Good Amounts 87
A.2.1 Marginal Energy Costs of Consumption Good Process 89
A.2.2 Marginal Energy Costs of the Capital Good Process 89
A.2.3 Marginal Energy Costs for the Extracting the Raw Material Required for the Consumption Good Process 90
A.2.4 Marginal Energy Costs for the Raw Materials Extraction Processes Required to Produce the Capital Good Amounts 91
6.3.2 Non-profit Conditions for the Water and Wastewater Sectors 92
6.3.2.1 Marginal Human Labour and Energy Costs for Water Production 93
B.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Production 93
B.1.1 Total Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Production 93
B.1.2 Total Inter-Temporal Marginal Labour Costs for Water Production 94
B.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Production 96
B.2.1 Total Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Production 96
B.2.2 Total Inter-Temporal Energy Costs for Water Production 97
6.3.2.2 Marginal Human Labour and Energy Costs forWastewater Treatment 99
C.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment 99
C.1.1 Total Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment 99
C.1.2 Total Inter-Temporal Marginal Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment 100
C.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment 101
C.2.1 Total Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment 102
C.2.2 Total Inter-Temporal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment 103
6.4 Conclusions 105
Part II The Water Infrastructure Model 108
7 Case Studies Guiding the Integration of Water Infrastructure 109
7.1 The MTBE Contamination of the Leuna Aquifer 110
7.1.1 Characteristics of the MTBE Contamination Problem 110
7.1.2 Technical Solutions to Reduce MTBE Contamination 113
7.1.3 The Target Group of the Rehabilitation Measures 115
7.1.4 Estimation of the MTBE Contamination Amounts 115
7.1.5 Estimation of Costs for Solving the MTBE Problem 117
7.1.5.1 The Groundwater Amounts and the Time Horizon for Groundwater Treatment 118
7.1.5.2 The Investment Costs 118
7.1.5.3 Residual Values of the Investment Costs at the End of the Planning Horizon 119
7.1.5.4 Fixed and Variable Operation Costs 119
7.1.5.5 Net Present Values and Dynamic Prime Costs for Groundwater Treatment 119
7.2 Water Infrastructure to Serve Adana in Turkey 121
7.2.1 Urbanization and Water Infrastructure of Mega-Cities 121
7.2.2 Private and Local Public Welfare Properties of Water 122
7.2.3 Implementation Concept for Adana's Water Infrastructure 124
7.2.3.1 Planning and Implementation Concept for the Wastewater System 125
7.2.3.2 Planning and Implementation of the Water Supply System 129
7.2.4 Dynamic Prime Costs of Adana's Water Infrastructure 132
7.3 Conclusions for Constructing the Water Infrastructure Model 133
8 Specifications for Constructing the Water Infrastructure Model 134
8.1 Structure of the Water Infrastructure Model 135
8.2 Process Coefficients of the Water Infrastructure Sectors 139
8.2.1 Coefficients of the CW and M& E Production Processes
8.2.1.1 The Energy Coefficients and Amounts of the Processes for the Civil Work and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Capital Goods 140
8.2.1.2 The Human Labour Coefficients and Amounts of the Processes for the Civil Work and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Capital Goods 142
8.2.2 Coefficients for the Water Infrastructure Processes 143
8.3 Reduction of Variables and Dynamics of the Capital Stocks 150
9 Constraints of the Water Infrastructure Model 153
9.1 Constraints for the Consumption Good Amounts 153
9.2 Constraints for Extracting Raw Materials 154
9.3 Constraints for the Water and Wastewater Amounts 154
9.4 Constraints for Free Energy 156
9.5 Constraints for the Human Labour Input Amounts 157
9.6 Constraints for the Capital Stocks 159
9.7 Constraints for Reduced Variables 160
9.7.1 Human Labour Constraint for Reduced Variables 160
9.7.2 Energy Constraint for Reduced Variables 161
9.7.3 Water and Wastewater Constraints for Reduced Variables 163
9.8 Aggregation of Process Inputs to Sector Inputs 164
9.8.1 Aggregation of Processes to the Production Sector 164
9.8.1.1 Aggregation of the Human Labour Input Amounts for the Production Sector 165
9.8.1.2 Aggregation of the Energy Input Amounts for the Production Sector 165
9.8.2 Aggregation of Processes to the Water Sectors 165
9.8.2.1 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Water Treatment Sector 167
9.8.2.2 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Water Distribution Sector 168
9.8.2.3 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Wastewater Collection Sector 170
9.8.2.4 Aggregation of the Human Labour and Energy Input Amounts for the Wastewater Treatment Sector 171
10 Optimality Conditions of the Water Infrastructure Model 173
10.1 Optimality Conditions for the Demand Side 174
10.2 Optimality Conditions for the Production Side 175
10.2.1 Non-profit Conditions for the Production Sector 175
10.2.2 Non-profit Conditions for the Water Sectors 176
10.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 177
Mathematical Appendix and Detailed Explanations to Sect. 10.2.2 180
A Marginal Costs for Water Treatment 180
A.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment 180
A.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment Caused by Water Saving Innovation Effects 181
A.1.2 The Dependence of the Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment on the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts 182
A.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Amounts 183
A.1.4 The Dependence of the Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Treatment on the Development Path for Consumption Good Amounts 185
A.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment 186
A.2.1 Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Water Saving Innovation Effect 187
A.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Determined by the Activity Level 189
A.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Amounts 189
A.2.4 Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Treatment Determined by the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts 190
B Marginal Costs for Water Distribution 192
B.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution 192
B.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution Generated by Water Saving Innovation Effects 194
B.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Consumption Good Amounts 194
B.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Input Amounts 194
B.1.4 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Development Path of the Water Amounts 195
B.2 Marginal Human Energy Costs for Water Distribution 195
B.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution Generated by Water Saving Innovation Effects 197
B.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution as a Function of the Activity Level 197
B.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution Caused by the Structural Change of the Water Input Amounts 197
B.2.4 The Dependence of the Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Water Distribution on the Development Path of Consumption 198
C Marginal Costs for Wastewater Collection 199
C.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection 200
C.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Reduction of Wastewater Leakage 201
C.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection as a Function of the Consumption Good Amounts 201
C.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts 201
C.1.4 The Dependence of Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts 202
C.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection 202
C.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by Reducing Wastewater Leakage 203
C.2.2 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection as a Function of the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts 203
C.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts 204
C.2.4 The Dependence of Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Collection on the Development Path of the Wastewater Amounts 204
D Marginal Costs for Wastewater Treatment 206
D.1 Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment 206
D.1.1 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Reduction of Wastewater Leakage During Wastewater Collection 207
D.1.2 Actual Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment as a Function of the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts 207
D.1.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts 208
D.1.4 The Dependence of the Inter-Temporal Marginal Human Labour Costs for Wastewater on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts 209
D.2 Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment 209
D.2.1 Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by Reducing Wastewater Leakage During Wastewater Collection 210
D.2.2 The Dependence of the Actual Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment on the Activity Level or Consumption Good Amounts 211
D.2.3 Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment Caused by the Structural Change of the Wastewater Amounts 211
D.2.4 The Dependence of the Actual and Inter-Temporal Marginal Energy Costs for Wastewater Treatment on the Development Path of the Consumption Good Amounts 212
References 214
Index 217