Flood Risk Management in Europe (eBook)

978-1-4020-4200-3_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf 2
978-1-4020-4200-3_1_OnlinePDF.pdf 16
SECTIONI Flood Risk Management Practice 16
Decision-Making for Flood-Threatened Properties 17
I. Kelman 17
Introduction 17
To Seal Or Not To Seal? 19
Other Analytical Strategies for Individual Properties 25
The Community Context 29
Conclusions 31
978-1-4020-4200-3_2_OnlinePDF.pdf 34
The Influence of Floodplain Compartmentalization on Flood Risk Within the Rhine-Meuse Delta 34
D. Alkema and H. Middelkoop 34
Introduction 34
Historic Background 36
Inundation Scenarios 38
Dike Failures 38
Spill-Overs 38
Breaches 39
Topography 39
The 2D-Flood Propagation Model Delft-FLS 42
Data Requirements 43
Model Output 43
Model Sensitivity 43
Boundary Conditions and Model Calibration 44
River Discharge 44
Stage Discharge Relations Waal and Meuse 44
Surface Roughness Coefficients 45
Model Calibration 45
Flood Hazard Assessment 46
Flood Damage Estimation 51
Multi-Parameter Flood Hazard Estimation -- An Example 51
Results and Conclusions 53
978-1-4020-4200-3_3_OnlinePDF.pdf 56
Osiris -- an Example of Citizen-Oriented Technology Development in the area of Dissemination of Information on Flood Risk Management 56
M. Erlich 56
Introduction 56
The Osiris Context of the Flood Risk Management 57
The Experience of Osiris 58
Objectives of the Project 58
Methodological Approach 59
Results of OSIRIS 61
OSIRIS Demonstrators and Lessons Learned 62
Potential Services for Flood RiskManagemeNT 69
Information Dissemination Services 69
Services Related to Education 70
Validation Process 71
Concluding Remarks -- Towards Further Deployment of the Osiris Results -- Challenges for the Future 72
978-1-4020-4200-3_4_OnlinePDF.pdf 74
Evolving Concepts in Flood Risk Management: Searching for a Common Language 74
K. De Bruijn, C. Green, C. Johnson and L. m1cfadden 74
Introduction 74
Flood Risk Management: an Integrated Approach to Coping With Floods 75
Defining Resilience for Frm 77
Natural Hazards and Vulnerability 80
The Role of Uncertainty in Flood Risk Management 81
Relationships Between Concepts 84
Conclusion 86
978-1-4020-4200-3_5_OnlinePDF.pdf 89
Comrisk -- A transnational project of public authorities on coastal risk management 89
J.L.A. HOFSTEDE 89
Introduction 89
The Project 91
Subproject 1 -- Policies and Strategies 92
Subproject 3 -- Public Perception and Participation 95
Discussion and Outlook 98
978-1-4020-4200-3_6_OnlinePDF.pdf 101
Dike Investigations Using Geophysical Methods -- Techniques for the Future? 101
R. Morawetz, J. SchöN, C. Wohlfahrt and M. Röck 101
Introduction 101
Description of Methods Tested 104
Overview 104
Methods 104
Results of Test Measurements -- Case A 106
Pilot Site St. Dionysen 106
Pilot Site Spielfeld/Stra"019 107
Results of Test Measurements -- Case B 110
Pilot Site Lobau 110
Conclusions, Benefits and Limitations 114
978-1-4020-4200-3_7_OnlinePDF.pdf 116
SECTIONII Flood Events and Impacts 116
The Environmental Impact of Flooding of The Dutch `Delta-Metropole' 117
L.C.P.M. Stuyt, J.E.A. Reinders, E.E. Van Der Hoek, E.G.M. Hermans, M. De Muinck KeizeR, and J. Icke 117
Introduction 117
The `Krimpen' Case Study 118
The Hydrodynamic Sobek Model `Delft1D-2D' 119
The Water Quality Module `Delwaq' 121
The `ERA' Sediment Transport Model 122
Compounds and Physical Mechanisms 123
Locations and Quantities of Pollutants 123
Release of Pollutants into the Environment 125
Results 127
Suspended Particles 127
Mono-Aromatics 127
PAHs 129
Alkanes and Alkenes 130
DNAPLs 132
Pesticides and Herbicides 132
Heavy Metals 133
Assessment of Damage From the Environmental Impacts 134
Clean-up Costs 135
Damage in Agriculture 136
Conclusions 137
978-1-4020-4200-3_8_OnlinePDF.pdf 140
Structural Economic Effects of Large-Scale Inundation 140
M. BoCkarjova, A.E. Steenge and A. Van Der Veen 140
Introduction 140
Damage 142
Basic Concepts for Damage Estimation 142
Indirect Effects in an Economy 144
Damage: Towards a Consistent Set of Definitions for Direct and Indirect Costs 145
Input-Output Analysis 145
Consequences of a Shock to an Economy: Business Disruption 146
Asymmetric Shock 147
Production `Bottlenecks' 147
Lifeline System 148
Substitution Effect 149
Other Factors 149
The Case of Krimpen: Calculations 150
The Data 150
Direct Damage Estimation 152
Indirect Economic Effects 152
Discussion of Results 156
Conclusions 158
978-1-4020-4200-3_9_OnlinePDF.pdf 164
A Method to Estimate Loss of Life Caused by Large-Scale Floods in the Netherlands 164
N.E.M. Asselman and S.N. Jonkman 164
Introduction 164
Development of a loss of life model in GIS 165
Introduction 165
Evacuation 165
Relationship Between Flooding Characteristics and Loss of Life 167
Model Framework 170
Case studies 170
Study Area 170
Hydraulic simulations 171
Results 172
Discussion 175
Conclusions 178
978-1-4020-4200-3_10_OnlinePDF.pdf 180
Automation Of Flood Contingency Plans 180
J.J. Flikweert, C. Coremans, K. De Gooijer, and L. Wentholt 180
Introduction 181
Information Management During Flood Threat Situations 181
The Dutch Flood Defence System 181
Dike Rings 181
Tasks in Flood Threat Situations 182
Emergency Organisation of the Water Boards 182
Operational Team and Policy Team 182
Tasks of the Operational Team 182
Tools of the Operational Team 183
Need for Improved Information Management Tools 183
Properties And Functionalities Of Gdh 183
General Use of the Programme 184
Off-Line Mode 184
On-Line Mode 184
Post Event Use 186
Automation: Benefits And Threats 187
Error Reduction 187
Improved Understanding 187
Improved Efficiency 188
Clear Hierarchy and Decision Structure 188
Development Process 189
Initiative 189
Preliminary Study 189
Functional Specifications 190
Technical Design 191
Construction 191
Testing 191
Following Cycles 192
Implementation Experiences 192
Functional Implementation 192
Technical Implementation 194
Organisational Implementation 194
Further Development 194
Improvement of Current Application 195
Interreg Funding 195
Other Emergency Types 195
Conclusions 196
978-1-4020-4200-3_11_OnlinePDF.pdf 197
SECTIONIII Flood Analysis and Modelling 197
The Impact European Research Project on Flood Propagation in Urban Areas: Experimental and Numerical Modelling of the Influence of Buildings on the Flow 198
S. Soares Frazão, F. Alcrudo, J. Mulet, B. Noël, G. Testa, and Y. Zech 198
Introduction 198
Severe Floods in Urban Areas 199
Experimental Work 201
The Isolated-Building Experiment 202
The Model City Flooding Experiment 204
Modelling Work 209
Numerical Strategy 210
Adopted Techniques for Urban Flooding 211
The Isolated Building Test Case Results 212
The Model City Flooding Experiment Test Case Results 213
Conclusion 217
978-1-4020-4200-3_12_OnlinePDF.pdf 219
Sustainable Development and Flood Risk -- Reducing Uncertainty (Bristol City Re-Development Case Study) 219
M. Pinnell 219
Introduction 220
Flood Mapping in England and Wales 221
Bristol Broadmead Case Study 222
Broadmead Development 225
Data Collection 226
Hydraulic Modelling 230
Conclusions 234
978-1-4020-4200-3_13_OnlinePDF.pdf 236
Flood Risk Mapping At The Local Scale: Concepts And Challenges 236
B. Merz, A.H. Thieken, and M. Gocht 236
Introduction 236
Flood Risk -- Definitions and Indicators 240
Flood Hazard 240
Flood Vulnerability 241
Flood Risk 243
Proposal for Systematic Flood Mapping 244
Flood Hazard Mapping 244
Flood Vulnerability Mapping 245
Flood Risk Mapping 247
Discussion 248
Efforts for Developing and Updating Flood Maps 248
Reliability 250
Use of Flood Maps 251
Challenges 252
Vulnerability and Risk Mapping 252
Dynamic Flood Mapping 253
End-User Involvement 253
Cross-Border Flood Mapping 253
Real-Time Flood Mapping 254
978-1-4020-4200-3_14_OnlinePDF.pdf 257
Flood Modelling and the August 2002 Flood in the Czech Republic 257
P. Sklenár, E. Zeman, J. ŠPatka and P. TachecÍ 257
Introduction -- The General Situation 257
Flood 8/2002 -- Situation 259
Prague Flood Model 261
The Very Beginnings 261
1D Phase -- The Comprehensive Study 1994--1997 265
2D Flood Model 2000--2001 268
2D Prague Flood Model 2003 -- Update after 8/2002 Flood Event 271
Practical Application of the Re-Calibrated 2D Model 272
Flood Protection -- Structural Measures 275
Example of Structural Mitigation Effort in Prague on the Vltava River 276
Non-Structural Measures 276
Conclusions 277
978-1-4020-4200-3_15_OnlinePDF.pdf 279
Seasonal Rainfall and Flow Trends Within Three Catchments in South-West England 279
D. Han 279
Introduction 279
Catchments 282
Trends of Rainfall and Flow 284
Seasonal Trends of Rainfall 285
Seasonal Trends of Mean Flow 285
Seasonal Trends of Peak Flow 285
Trends of Return Period of Annual Maximum Flow 288
Evaluating the Goodness of Fit 288
Discussion and Conclusions 292
978-1-4020-4200-3_16_OnlinePDF.pdf 297
Propagation of Discharge Uncertainty in a Flood Damage Model For the Meuse River 297
Y.P. Xu, M.J. Booij, and A.E. Mynett, 297
Introduction 297
Flood Damage and Uncertainty 299
Flood Frequency Analysis 299
Expected Annual Damage (EAD) 301
Propagation of Uncertainty 302
Case Study 303
The Meuse River 303
Data Used 303
Model Results and Discussion 306
Uncertainty Analysis of T-year Event Discharges 306
Uncertainty in Damage 309
Discussion 312
Conclusions and Recommendations 312
978-1-4020-4200-3_17_OnlinePDF.pdf 315
A Stochastic Model for Simulating Long Time Series of River-Mouth Discharge and Sediment Load 315
R.M. Hoogendoorn and G.J. Weltje 315
Introduction 315
Theory 317
Simulations from Discharge Measurements 321
Prediction of River Discharge 325
Kura River Simulation 327
Climate Change and Sediment Supply 330
Discussion and Conclusions 333
978-1-4020-4200-3_18_OnlinePDF.pdf 336
SECTIONIV Flood Forecasting 336
Forecasting Flash Floods with an Operational Model 337
P.A. Ayral, S. Sauvagnargues-Lesage, S. Gay, and F. Bressand 337
Introduction 337
The Model ALHTAÏR: Context and Issues 338
ALHTAÏR Structure 339
ALHTAÏR in ``Watershed'' Mode 341
Evaluation of the Flash Flood Forecasting Model ALHTAÏR 343
The Extreme Rainfall Event 343
Materials and Method 344
Results of the Evaluation of the Efficiency of ALHTAÏR on Small Non-Gauged Watersheds During the September 2002 Event 349
Discussion 350
About ALHTAÏR in ``Watershed'' Mode 350
Spatialisation of the Forecasting Model 351
First Tests with ALHTAÏR in ``Spatialised Mode'' 351
Conclusion 353
978-1-4020-4200-3_19_OnlinePDF.pdf 355
Flood Forecasting for the Upper and Middle Odra River Basin 355
M. Butts, A. Dubicki, K. Stronska, G. J"01Frgensen, A. Nalberczynski, A. Lewandowski, and T. van Kalken 355
Background 356
Motivation 357
Modelling the Upper and Middle Odra Basin 359
Continuous Rainfall-Runoff Modelling 359
Calibration and Validation of the Upper and Middle Odra Model 363
Rainfall-Runoff Model Calibration and Validation 364
The River Network (Hydrodynamic) Model 370
Polders and Floodplains 372
Calibration and Validation of the Hydrodynamic Model 374
Implementation of Flood Forecastingand Management System for Real Time Operation 379
Real-Time Data Management 380
The GIS User Interface 381
Flood Forecasting and Updating 381
Summary and Conclusions 382
978-1-4020-4200-3_20_OnlinePDF.pdf 387
Flood forecasting in the anglian region 387
D.E. Cadman, D.A. Price and M.B. Butts 387
Forecasting in Flood Event Management 388
The Challenge to Flood Forecasting 388
Meeting the Challenge 389
The Anglian Region: Recent Challenges and Solutions 389
Modelling Challenges 389
Technical and Organisational Forecasting Capability in the 1990's 390
The Anglian Flow Forecasting and Modelling System 391
The Regional Monitoring and Forecasting Centre 394
New Challenges and Solutions 394
A New Cultural Environment 394
The Need for a New Approach 395
Flood Warning as a Risk Management Problem 396
Applying a Generic Risk Structure to Flood Forecasting 396
Communicating Risk Information 397
Conclusion 398
978-1-4020-4200-3_21_OnlinePDF.pdf 402
Flood Forecasting Model Selection 402
K.A. Tilford, K.J. Sene, and R. Khatibi 402
Introduction 402
Overall Approach 403
Key Steps in Applying the Guidelines 404
Technical Issues 404
Economic Issues 408
Associated Issues 410
Review Model Selection 412
Applications 413
Discussion and Conclusions 414
978-1-4020-4200-3_22_OnlinePDF.pdf 418
Numerical Modelling in Coastal FloodForecasting and Warning in England and Wales 418
K. Hu and C. Wotherspoon 418
Introduction 418
Basis of CFFW and Current Practice in England and Wales 419
Forecasting 419
Trigger Conditions 421
Inundation Mapping 421
Numerical Modelling in Coastal Flood Forecasting and Warning 423
Numerical Modelling in Forecasting Tidal Levels and Offshore Wind and Waves 423
Numerical Modelling in Forecasting Inshore Waves 424
Numerical Modelling in Forecasting Overtopping of Sea Defence 425
Numerical Modelling in Forecasting Wind Impact 425
Numerical Modelling in Forecasting Breach Likelihood 426
Numerical Modelling of Inundation 427
Discussions on the Future Improvement and Practical Problems 427
Conclusions 429
978-1-4020-4200-3_23_OnlinePDF.pdf 431
SECTIONV Flood Risk Management Policy 431
Reflections on the Challenges of Eu Policy-Making with View to Flood Risk Management 432
A.L. Vetere Arellano, A. De Roo And J.-P. Nordvik 432
Floods in Europe 433
Flood Risk Management in some European Countries 433
The Acquis Communautaire with View to Flooding 434
The Main Policy Areas Addressing Flood-Related Issues Within The European Commission24 446
Directorate General on Environment Policy (DG ENV) 454
Directorate General on Agriculture Policy (DG AGRI)29 455
Directorate General on Regional Policy (DG REGIO)30 455
Directorate General on Research Policy (DG RTD)38 456
Directorate General of the Joint Research Centre (DG JRC)43 457
Directorate General on Information SocietyPolicy (DG INFSO) 459
ECHO -- European Office for EmergencyHumanitarian Aid48 460
Other Initiatives at EU Level 460
Identified Needs In Flood Risk Management At Eu Level 461
A Proposed Vision of Flood Risk Management at Eu Level 465
978-1-4020-4200-3_24_OnlinePDF.pdf 468
On the Flood Risk in the Netherlands 468
L.M. Bouwer And P. Vellinga 468
Introduction 468
Historical Flooding and the Impact on Flood Management Policy 468
Flooding Frequency Levels 469
Contemporary Hydraulic Baseline Conditions 471
Compliance with Current Standards 471
Recent Insights in the Hydraulic Conditions 472
The Impact of a Large-Scale Flooding Event 475
Comparison With Other Risks 476
The Impact of Climate Change 478
Invest in Flood Defences, or Adjust Safety Levels? 480
Conclusions 481
978-1-4020-4200-3_25_OnlinePDF.pdf 484
Planning for River Induced Floods in Urban Areas 484
D. Thorsteinsson, A. Semadeni-Davies and R. Larsson 484
Introduction 485
Background 485
Objectives and Overview 487
Flooding and the Planning Process 487
Comprehensive Plans 488
Area Regulations and Detailed Development Plans 488
Building Permits 489
Water Framework Directive 490
Flood Mitigation Examples 491
The Role of Hydropower 492
Element of Surprise 495
Regulate More Wisely? 495
Dam Safety 496
The Role Of Insurers 497
Conclusions 498
978-1-4020-4200-3_26_OnlinePDF.pdf 503
Interregional and Transnational Co-Operation in River Basins -- Chances To Improve Flood Risk Management? 503
B. Haupter, P. Heiland and J. Neumüller 503
Preface 504
Needs For Co-Operation 505
Concept For Improved Co-Operation 506
Levels of Co-operation 506
Actors for Co-operation 507
Operating and Promoting Aspects of Co-operation 508
Support by Economic Incentives and Financial Compensation 509
Present State And Visions In Large European River Basins 511
Co-operation in the Rhine Catchment 511
The Oder Catchment -- Co-operation 513
Developments in the Elbe River Basin 515
conclusions 516
978-1-4020-4200-3_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf 521