Variation Aware Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design in Emerging Multi-Gate CMOS Technologies (eBook)

Preface 6
Danksagung 8
Contents 9
Introduction 11
Motivation 11
Scaling Fundamentals 13
New Materials: High-k Gate Dielectrics 15
New Device Architectures: Multi-Gate MOSFETs 16
New Device Concepts: Tunneling FETs 18
Variability from Analog and Mixed-Signal Perspective 19
Systematic Static Variations 19
Static Random Variations-Mismatch 21
Transient Random Variations-Noise 22
Transient Systematic Variations 23
Analog Properties of Multi-Gate MOSFETs 25
Introduction to Recent FinFET Technology 25
DC Characteristics 26
Analog and RF Characteristics 28
Small Signal Parameters 29
Noise Performance 31
Matching Behavior 33
Charge-Trapping 36
Self-Heating 39
High-k Related Design Issues 42
Flicker Noise 42
Linear Analog Circuits and Converters 42
Voltage Controlled Oscillator 43
Flicker Noise Reduction Techniques 44
Chopper-Stabilization and Auto-Zeroing 44
Switched Bias 45
Transient VT Variations and Hysteresis Effects 46
Linear and Continuous Time Building Blocks 46
Single Ended Operational Amplifier 46
Fully Differential Operational Amplifier 48
Non-Linear and Discrete Time Building Blocks 48
Switched Capacitor Amplifier 48
Comparator 49
Incorrect Comparator Decisions 49
Comparator Testbench 51
Offset Compensation & Auto Zeroing
Switched Comparator Input 53
Switched Bias Techniques 54
Flash ADC 55
Successive Approximation ADC 56
Conversion Errors 57
Countermeasures 58
Offset Compensation 58
Non-binary Search 58
Implementation Aspects and Measurement Results 59
SigmaDelta ADC 62
Conclusions on Transient VT Shift 64
Multi-Gate Related Design Aspects 65
Biasing Circuits 65
Matching Optimized Current Mirrors 65
Current Reference Circuits 68
Resistor Based Reference 69
Threshold Voltage Based Reference 71
Operational Amplifiers 72
Gain-Bandwidth-Power Trade-off 73
Design Example 75
Common Mode and Power Supply Rejection Ratio 76
Bandgap Reference Circuits 77
Gated p-i-n Diodes 78
Low Voltage Bandgap Reference 80
Design Considerations 82
Output Conductance of Current Sources 82
Leakage Resistor in p-i-n Diode 82
Op-Amp Offset and Gain 83
Impact of Process Variations 84
Measurement Results 85
D/A Converter 87
Design Considerations 88
Matching 88
Output Impedance and Parasitic Capacitance 89
Measurement Results 89
Phase-Locked-Loop Circuit 92
Design Considerations 92
Charge Pump 93
Loop Filter 94
VCO 94
Measurement Results 94
RF Building Blocks 96
LC-VCO 96
LNA 98
Self-Heating 99
Thermal Coupling 100
Transient Thermal Mismatch 101
Linear and Continuous Time Circuits 101
Non-Linear and Discrete Time Circuits 102
Selective Fin Width Tuning 103
Self Cascode 104
VIP3 Enhancement 105
Multi-Gate Tunneling FETs 106
Principle of Operation and Implementation of MuGTFETs 106
Measurement Results 107
I-V Characteristics 107
Digital and Analog Performance 109
Temperature Characteristics 110
Variations 111
Device Simulation 112
MuGTFET Reference Circuit 114
Conclusions and Outlook 117
Symbols and Abbreviations 120
References 123