Chemical Elements in Plants and Soil: Parameters Controlling Essentiality (eBook)

0001090754.pdf 1
Chemical Elements in Plants and Soil: Parameters Controlling Essentiality 3
0001090750.pdf 8
Chapter 1 8
The Biological System of Elements 8
1.1 Principles of Element Distribution in Plants 8
1.1.1 Distribution Patterns of Chemical Elements in Plants 8
1.1.2 Biochemical Essentiality of Elements in the Light of Enzymatic Reactions 11
1.1.2.1 How Do Chemical Elements Shape Biology, Biochemistry? 12
1.1.2.2 Metal Ions and Their Relationship Towards Biocatalysis 13
1.1.3 Soil and Geochemistry: Support and Storage/Buffer System for Biology 13
1.1.3.1 General Geochemical Considerations 13
1.2 Methodology of Inquiries into the Biological System of Elements 18
1.2.1 Correlation Analysis of Element Distribution in Multiple Plant Species 18
1.2.2 Fundamentals of the Correlation-Chemical Analysis of Element Abundances 19
1.2.3 Stoichiometric Network Analysis 20
1.2.3.1 Biophysical Implications of Gibbs’s Phase Rule 20
1.2.3.2 Aqueous Coordination Chemistry Related to Metal Uptake 21
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Chapter 2 23
Autocatalytic Processes and the Role of Essential Elements in Plant Growth 23
2.1 Biomass Stability in the Light of Gibbs’s Phase Rule 23
2.2 Coordination-Chemical Control of Element Uptake 25
2.2.1 Metal Complexes in Biology: Definition of Complex Formation Constants 25
2.2.2 Electrochemical Parameters of Biologically Relevant Ligands 26
2.2.3 A Method to Calculate Metal–Ligand Association Equilibria 27
2.2.3.1 Complex Stability and the Electrochemical Ligand Parameter 29
2.2.4 How Does the Electrochemical Ligand Parameter Influence Real Versus Possible Hapticity of Some Polydentate Ligand? 36
2.2.4.1 Rules Which Can Account for Selective Metal–Ligand Interactions 37
2.2.4.2 (Lack of) Correlation and Differences in Biochemistry 44
2.2.5 Translating Complex Stabilities into Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) Data: The k¢ Term of Element Fractionation 46
2.2.5.1 Reasons of Biochemical/Biocatalytic Effects (Essentiality) 47
2.2.6 Binding Stability of Substrates and Products in Catalytic Cycles: How Does Ligand Sensitivity Influence Reaction Kinet 47
2.2.6.1 Some Chemical Rules for Enzymatic Reactions 48
2.2.6.2 Enzymes Acting as Catalysts 50
2.2.6.3 General Features of Metabolic Kinetics 51
2.2.6.4 Michaelis–Menten Kinetics 55
2.2.6.5 Steady States in Metal-Promoted Biochemistry 55
2.2.6.6 Metals in Catalytic Chemistry and in Biochemistry 57
2.2.7 The Electrochemical Ligand Parameter, Metal Affinities and Chemical Ecology 58
2.2.7.1 Speciation of Metals Before and During Root Uptake by Plants 60
2.2.7.2 Further Transport of Metal Ions Inside Plants 62
2.2.7.3 Equilibrium Models, Concentration Ranges and Biological Functions of Metal Ions 65
2.2.8 Implications of Some Theorems from Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA) with Respect to Stability and Function Biochem 73
2.2.8.1 Additional Criteria from Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA) 77
2.2.9 Matter (Flow) Balance, Metabolic Strategy6 and Estimation of Loss Processes (Exit Order) Within Autocatalytic Bioche 78
2.2.9.1 The Role of Soil Geobiochemistry and Litter Supply Rates in Effection and Control of Tropical (Amazonian) Metal Cycli 90
2.2.10 The Topology of Autocatalytic Feedback Patterns in Living Systems 91
2.2.11 SNA and Metal Transport in Terrestrial Plants 94
2.2.12 Stoichiometry of Terrestrial Plants and Its Implications According to SNA 101
2.2.13 A Comprehensive Analysis of Autocatalytic Processes Within Some Photosynthetic Plant 116
2.2.13.1 Plants Can Stand Some Soil Contamination 122
2.3 Some Remarks on Chemical Ecology 124
2.3.1 Constraints of Essentiality Caused by Consumers 124
2.3.2 Trophic Nets 127
2.3.2.1 Concentration Effects, Variation of Transporter Ligands and Fractionation of Elements in Trophic Chains 127
2.3.3 Succession and Ecological Stoichiometry Including Intermetal Ratios 130
2.3.3.1 Stoichiometric Changes During Succession 133
2.3.4 A Corollary on Bioindication 135
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Chapter 3 137
A Causal Model of Biochemical Essentiality 137
3.1 Influence of Intrinsic Bonding Stability and Ligand Sensitivity on the Biocatalytic Properties of Metal Ions 137
3.2 Complex Stability in Relation to Other Bioorganic Parameters 140
3.3 Phase Structures and Histology Revisited 151
3.4 Scope of the Essentiality Model 155
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Chapter 4 158
The Evolution of Essentiality 158
4.1 Evolution and Biochemical Catalysis 158
4.2 A Three-Step-Model for Uptake and Functionalization of Metal Ions Enforced by Chemical Evolution Itself (Bootstrap) 160
4.2.1 Fractionation of Chemical Elements in and by Polymeric Antecessors of Biomass During Chemical Evolution 166
4.3 The Three-Functions-Rule as a Controlling Factor in the Origins of Essentiality 168
4.4 Biogeochemical Fractionation Processes and Essentiality Patterns in Different Taxa Under Changing Biogeochemical Boundary 173
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References 185
Franzle_Index_O.pdf 194