C Compilers for ASIPs (eBook)

Acknowledgements 6
Contents 8
List of Figures 12
List of Tables 14
1 Introduction 15
Motivation 15
Outline of the Book 19
2 ASIP Design Methodology 20
ASIP Design Phases 20
Compiler-in-the-Loop Architecture Exploration 22
Design Methodologies 23
Synopsis 26
3 A Short Introduction to Compilers 27
General Overview 27
Compiler Frontend 27
Compiler Backend 29
Data- and Control-Flow Graphs 29
Code Selection 33
Register Allocation 35
Instruction Scheduling 38
Code Emitter 40
Retargetable Compilers 41
Synopsis 43
4 Related Work 44
Instruction-Set-Centric ADLs 44
Architecture-Centric ADLs 47
Mixed-Level ADLs 48
Other Related Approaches 50
Synopsis 54
5 Processor Designer 55
Design Space Exploration 55
Software Tool Generation 55
Architecture Implementation 57
System Integration 57
The LISA Language 58
Compiler Designer 61
Synopsis 65
6 Code Selector Description Generation 66
The Semantic Gap 67
SEMANTICS Section 68
Semantics Statements 68
Semantics Resources 69
Micro-Operations 70
Bit-Width Specification 72
Micro-Operator Chaining 73
Execution Timing 73
IF--ELSE Statements 74
Semantics Hierarchy 75
Code Selector Description Generation 77
Nonterminal Generation 78
Mapping Rule Generation 81
Compiler Designer Integration 91
Synopsis 92
7 Results for SEMANTICS-Based Compiler Generation 93
Case Studies 93
Mapping Rule Generation 94
Compiler Evaluation 95
PP32 96
ST220 98
MIPS 99
Conclusions 100
8 SIMD Optimization 102
Related Work 104
SIMD Framework 105
Basic Design Decisions 106
Terminology 107
Alignment Analysis 107
SIMD Analysis 110
Strip Mining and Loop Peeling 111
Scalar Expansion 113
The Vectorizer 114
Loop Unrolling 115
The Unroll-and-Pack-Based SIMDfyer 115
Code Example 116
Retargeting the SIMD Framework 119
SIMD-Candidate Matcher 119
SIMD-Set Constructor 122
Experimental Results 125
Alignment Analysis 125
SIMD Optimizations 128
Conclusions 133
9 Predicated Execution 134
Code Example 134
Related Work 136
Optimization Algorithm 137
Implementation Schemes 137
Probability Information 140
Cost Computation 143
Selecting the Best Scheme 147
Splitting Mechanism 148
Retargeting Formalism 149
Code Generation Flow 152
Experimental Results 153
Conclusions 156
10 Assembler Optimizer 158
Related Work 159
Application Programmer Interface 159
Scheduler 160
Peephole Optimizer 161
Replacement Library 161
Experimental Results 164
Conclusions 166
11 Summary 167
A Semantics Section 170
Semantics Statements 170
IF-ELSE Statements 171
Nonassignment Statements 173
Execution Timing 174
Micro-Operators 174
Notations 175
Group of Arithmetic Operators 176
Group of Logic Operators 182
Group of Shifting Operators 184
Group of Zero/Sign Extension Operators 189
Others/Intrinsic Operators 191
Affected Flag Declarations 193
SEMANTICS Section Grammar 194
Grammar Notation 194
SEMANTICS Grammar 194
B CoSy Compiler Library Grammar 199
Grammar Notation 199
Global Structure 200
Basic Rules 200
CoSy IR 200
Rule Condition 201
CoSy Condition 201
Nonterminal Constraint 202
Control Clause 202
Read/Write Clause 202
Scratch Registers 203
Semantics Pattern 203
Node Assignment 203
Result Clause 203
Semantics Transformations 203
Compiler Semantics 204
Assignment Statement 204
Label Statement 204
IF-ELSE Statement 204
Non-assignment Statement 205
Micro-operation 205
Operands 206
Miscellaneous 206
References 208
Index 221