Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing (eBook)

CONTRIBUTORS 6
Preface 8
Table of Contents 10
PROTEIN-BASED BIOSENSORS WITHPOLARIZATION TRANSDUCTION 16
1.1. INTRODUCTION 16
1.2. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 16
1.3. ADVANTAGES OF ANISOTROPY-BASED SENSING 18
1.4. FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION IMMUNOASSAY 19
1.5. ANISOTROPY-BASED METAL ION BIOSENSING 24
1.6. ANISOTROPY-BASED SENSING OF OTHERANALYTES USING PROTEINSAS TRANSDUCERS 30
1.7. CONCLUSIONS 31
1.8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 32
1.9. REFERENCES 32
GFP SENSORS 36
2.1. INTRODUCTION 36
2.2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING FLUORESCENT PROTEINSENSORS 36
2.3. NEW GREEN AND RELATED FLUORESCENT PROTEINS 38
2.3.1. GFP Mutants 38
2.3.2. Novel Fluorescent Proteins 39
2.4. GFP-BASED SENSORS 39
2.4.1. pH Sensors 39
2.4.2. Chloride/Halide Sensors 41
2.4.3. Sensors of Protease Activity 43
2.4.4. Calcium Sensors 43
2.4.5. Sensors of Calcium-Calmodulin 45
2.4.6. Sensors of Other Second Messengers 45
2.4.7. Sensors of Protein Kinase Activity 46
2.4.8. Sensors of G proteins 47
2.4.9. Metabolite Sensors 48
2.4.10. Sensors of Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Potential 48
2.4.11. Nitration Sensors 49
2.4.12. Voltage Sensors 49
2.5. PERSPECTIVE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 50
2.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 50
2.7. REFERENCES 51
FLUORESCENT SACCHARIDE SENSORS 56
3.1. INTRODUCTION 56
3.2. READ-OUT 58
3.2.1. Internal Charge Transfer (ICT) 58
3.2.2. Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) 60
3.2.3. Others 61
3.3. INTERFACE 62
3.3.1. Internal Charge Transfer (ICT) 62
3.3.2. Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) 63
3.3.3. Others 69
3.4. FLUORESCENT ASSAY 71
3.5. POLYMER SUPPORTED SENSORS 75
3.6. CONCLUSIONS 77
3.7. REFERENCES 77
FLUORESCENT PEBBLE NANO-SENSORS AND NANOEXPLORERSFOR REAL-TIME INTRACELLULAR AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 84
4.1. INTRODUCTION 84
4.1.1. Background and History 84
4.2. PEBBLE MATRICES: DESIGN, PRODUCTION, AND QUALITY CONTROL 87
4.2.1. Polyacrylamide PEBBLEs 88
4.2.2. Poly(decyl methacrylate) PEBBLEs 89
4.2.3. Polyethylene Glycol-Coated Sol-Gel Silica PEBBLEs 91
4.3. CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEBBLE SENSORS 94
4.3.1. Ion Sensors 94
4.3.2. Gas Sensors and Biosensors 106
4.4. PEBBLE SENSORS AND CHEMICAL IMAGING INSIDE LIVE CELLS 113
4.4.1. PEBBLE Delivery Methods 113
4.4.2. Typical Examples of Biological Applications o~ PEBBLE Nanosensors 115
4.5. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF PEBBLE SENSORS 120
4.6. NEW PEBBLE DESIGNS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 126
4.6.1. Free Radical Sensors 126
4.6.2. MOONs, Tweezers, and Targeting 127
4.6.3 Nano-explorers and Nano-actuators 135
4.7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 137
4.8. REFERENCES 138
APTAMERS AS EMERGING PROBES FOR MACROMOLECULAR SENSING 142
5.1. INTRODUCTION 142
5.2. IN VITRO SELECTION 142
5.3. ADAPTATION OF APTAMERS AS SIGNALING TRANSDUCTIONREAGENTS FOR MACROMOLECULAR SENSING 144
5.3.1. Signaling Aptamers Based on Fluorescence Intensity Changes 145
5.3.2. Aptamer Beacons Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 149
5.3.3. Signaling Aptamers Based on Fluorescence Anisotropy Changes 157
5.4. APPLICATION OF APTAMERS TO ARRAY FORMATS 158
5.4.1. Aptamer Chips for High-Throughput Screening 158
5.4.2. Sample Processing with Microwell-Based Aptamer Arrays 160
5.4.3. Chip-Based Detection of Changes in Aptamer Anisotropy 165
5.5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ASPECTS 166
5.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 166
5.7. REFERENCES 166
MOLECULAR IMPRINTING 172
6.1 INTRODUCTION 172
6.2 SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MIPS 175
6.2.1 Components of MIPs 176
6.2.2 Preparation of MIPs 182
6.2.3 Evaluation of MIPs 186
6.3 DETECTION OF MIP-TARGET INTERACTIONS BY FLUORESCENCE 189
6.3.1 Nonfluorescent MIPs 189
6.3.2 Fluorescent MIPs 198
6.4 FLUORESCENT MIP-BASED BIOMIMETIC SENSORS 212
6.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 213
6.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 215
6.7 REFERENCES 216
EXCIMER SENSING 226
7.1. INTRODUCTION 226
7.2. PYRENE EXCIMER AS SENSORY STRUCTURE PROBE OF THE ASSOCIATIONOF BIOMOLECULES 227
7.2.1. Excimers of Pyrene Derivatives on Macromolecular Templates 227
7.2.2. Considerations Regarding Pyrene Derivatives as Emission Probes forMacro-molecules 230
7.2.3. Application of Pyrene Fluorescence Probes to Studies of Proteins andPeptides 231
7.2.4. Pyrene-Iabeled DNA Strands Used for Molecular Recognition 233
7.2.5. Pyrenyl-containing Lipid Membranes 234
7.3. PYRENE EXCIMER EMISSION IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND CHEMICAL SENSING 236
7.3.1. Sensing of Temperature, Pressure and pH 236
7.3.2. Sensing of Oxygen 239
7.3.3. Sensing of Organic Guests by Modified y-Cyclodextrins 240
7.3.4. Sensing of Metal Cations 243
7.3.5. Other Miscellaneous Sensing Systems 250
7.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 251
7.5. ACKNOWLEGEMENT 251
7.6. REFERENCES 252
LIFETIME BASED SENSORS / SENSING 256
8.1. INTRODUCTION 256
8.2. PHOTOPHYSICAL BACKGROUND 257
8.2.1. Luminescence Lifetime 257
8.2.2. Quantum Efficiency and Fluorescence Intensity 261
8.3. LIFETIME BASED SENSOR DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION 262
8.3.1. Optical Chemical Sensors 262
8.3.2. Advantages and Drawbacks of Lifetime-Based Sensors 262
8.3.3. Transduction Schemes 263
8.3.4. Sensor Elements 273
8.4. LIFETIME MEASUREMENT METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION 280
8.4.1. Time-Domain Methods 280
8.4.2. Frequency-Domain Methods 283
8.5. SUMMARY 287
8.6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 288
8.7. REFERENCES 288
INDEX 290