Lipid Signaling in Plants (eBook)

177667_1_En_Part1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 16
Part I: Phospholipases 16
177667_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF 17
Phospholipase A in Plant Signal Transduction 17
Structure and Function of sPLA2sPLA2 in Plants 18
Animal cPLA2 as Role Model for Signal Transduction 19
Structure and Function of pPLA2PLA2pPLA2s in Plants 20
Structure and Enzymatic Properties of pPLA2PLA2patatinpPLA2structure and properties 20
Function of pPLA2 in Auxinauxin Signal Transduction 22
Function of pPLA2 in Pathogen Defencepathogen defencepPLA2 Signaling 25
Plant PLA1PLA1 28
Biological Activities of Free Fatty Acids and Lysolipids, the Hydrolysis Products of pPLA2pPLA2 28
References 30
177667_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 37
The Emerging Roles of Phospholipase C in Plant Growth and Development 37
Introduction 37
Phospholipase C in Plants 38
Phosphatidylcholine-Cleaving Phospholipase C 38
Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C (PI-PLCPI-PLC) 41
Roles of PI-PLCs in Plants 42
The Molecular Role of PI-PLC: Insights from Pollen Tube Growthpollen Tube GrowthPLC 43
Conclusions and Perspectives 47
References 48
177667_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 52
Plant Phospholipase D 52
Introduction 52
The Expanding PLDPLDgene architecturePLDdomain structure Family and Domain Structures 53
Different Biochemical Properties and Activity Regulation Among PLDPLDactivityPLDbiochemical propertiess 55
PLDPLDregulation Interaction with and Regulation by Proteins 57
Subcellular Distribution and Expression Patterns 58
Cellular and Physiological Functions 60
PLDPLDseed germinationPLDABA and PAPAABA in ABAABAPLD Effects on Stomatal MovementsStomatal MovementsPLDStomatal MovementsPA a 60
PLDPLDauxin in AuxinAuxinPLD Transport and Growth Responses 63
PLDPLDethylene in Ethylene and Cytokinin Response 64
PLDPLDplant defence in Plant-Pathogen InteractionsPlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLDPlant-Pat 64
Different Roles of PLDPLDfreezing tolerances in Freezing TolerancePlant-Pathogen InteractionsDGKPlant-Pathogen InteractionsPLD 65
PLDPLDPi starvations in Plant Response to Phosphorus Deficiency 67
PLDPLDsalt stresss in Plant Response to SaltSalt stressPLD and Hyperosmotic Stressosmotic StressPLD 67
Multiple Functions of PLDPLDbiotechnology and Implications in Biotechnology 68
Perspectives 69
References 70
177667_1_En_Part2_Chapter_OnlinePDF 76
Part II: Kinases 76
177667_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 77
Phosphatidylinositol 4-PhosphatePhosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate (PtdIns4P) is Required for Tip GrowthTip Growth in Arabidopsi 77
Introduction 77
PPIs in Membrane Trafficking 77
PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pmetabolism Metabolism 78
The PI4K Family in A. thaliana 78
AtPI4Kbeta-Group Members are Required for Tip GrowthTip GrowthPI4K 81
PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pphosphatases Phosphatases in A. thaliana 82
Imaging PtdIns4PPtdIns4Pimaging in Tip-Growing Cellslipid biosensors 84
References 86
177667_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 90
PIP-KinasePIP-kinases as Key Regulators of Plant Function 90
Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates and Their Function in Eukaryotic Cells 90
PIP-Kinases Generate Regulatory Phosphatidylinositol-Bisphosphates 91
PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene family Arabidopsis Gene Families in Arabidopsis thaliana 93
Type I PIP-Kinases 93
Type II PIP-Kinases 95
Type III PIP-Kinases 95
PIP-KinasePIP-kinasegene expressions Have Distinct Organ-Specific Expression Patterns 96
Physiological Functions of PIP-KinasePIP-kinasephysiological functionss 96
PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseguard cell functions and Guard Cellguard cellPIPK Function 96
PIP-Kinases, Cell Polarity and Polar Growth of Plant Cells 97
PIP-Kinases and Their Signaling Environment 98
Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaselipid interactionss with Lipids 98
Interaction of PIP-KinasePIP-kinaseinteractorss with Proteins 99
Conclusions 100
References 100
177667_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 105
Plant Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase 105
Introduction 105
Molecular Classification of PI3KPI3Kmolecular classification 106
Processes in Plants that Require Normal PI3K Activity 106
Roles of PI3KPI3Kendocytosis in Endocytosis and Protein Trafficking 107
Roles of PI3KPI3KROS in ROSROSPI3K Generation and ROS-Mediated Signaling 108
Roles of PI3K in Nucleus 109
Roles of PI3KPI3Kin growth and development in Growth and Development of Plants 110
Signal Transduction Pathway Activated at Downstream of PI3K 111
Conclusion and Prospects 112
References 112
177667_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF 117
Diacylglycerol KinaseDiacylglycerol kinase (DGK) 117
Regulatory Domains and Classification 117
Localization of the Activity and Gene Expression 119
DGKDGKsignalling Signaling 119
Abiotic Stresses 120
Biotic Stresses 121
Aspects of DAG, PA and the Regulation of DGK Activity 121
References 123
177667_1_En_Part3_Chapter_OnlinePDF 125
Part III: Phosphatases 125
177667_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF 126
Signaling and the Polyphosphoinositide Phosphatases from Plants 126
Introduction 126
The PPIPPI3-phosphatases 3-Phosphatases 128
PTEN 128
Myotubularins 129
The PPIPPI4-phosphatase 4-phosphatases 130
The PPIPPI5-phosphatases 5-Phosphatases 132
Group A 5PTases 133
Group B 5PTases 134
SAC Proteins that Function as PPI 5-Phosphatases 135
Conclusions 136
References 137
177667_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF 140
Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic Acidphosphatases Phosphatases in Seed Plants 140
Introduction 140
Biochemical Features of Plant PAPPAPbiochemical features 141
Leaf PAP Activity 141
PAP Activity in Seeds or Seedlings 143
Arabidopsis LPP as a Stress-Responsive PAPPAPLPP 144
LPPa1 as a Stress and Elicitor-Inducible Isoform 144
LPPa2 as a Negative Regulator of ABI4 in ABA Signaling 145
LPPa3 and LPPa4 146
Plastidic PAPPAPprokaryoticPAPplastidial as Prokaryotic LPP Subgroup 146
LPPgamma, LPPepsi1 and LPPepsi2 as Plastidic PAP Isoforms 146
LPPdelta/SPP1 as Sphingosine-1-Phosphatesphingosine-1-phosphateS1P phosphatase Phosphatase 147
LPPbeta as a Photoperiodically Expressed Protein Homolog 148
Future Perspective 148
References 149
177667_1_En_Part4_Chapter_OnlinePDF 151
Part IV: PPI Metabolism 151
177667_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF 152
InsP3 in Plant Cells 152
Introduction 152
InsP3InsP3metabolism Metabolism in Plants 154
Synthesis 154
Degradation 154
Analysis of InsP3InsP3analysis in Plant Tissues 155
InsP3 as a Signaling Molecule in Plants 157
Mechanism of Action 158
PI Turnover in Guard Cellguard cellPI turnover Regulation 159
Altered PI Metabolism in Plants 159
Conclusions and Future Prospects 161
References 161
177667_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF 168
Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol Polyphosphates and Kinases 168
Introduction 168
Inositol PolyphosphatesInositol polyphosphatessynthesis and Phytate Synthesis 169
The Plant Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases 172
Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 2 (Ipk2)Inositol polyphosphate kinase 2 (Ipk2)/Inositol Phosphate Multikinase 172
Inositol (1,3,4)P3 5/6-Kinases/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K ITPK)/Inositol Trisphosphate Kinases (IP56K/ ITPK)
Inositol Polyphosphate Kinase 1Inositol polyphosphate kinase 1 (Ipk1) 176
Other Kinases 177
Closing Remarks 178
References 178
177667_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF 182
Phosphoinositides Phosphoinositidescell wall synthesisand Plant Cell Wall Synthesis 182
Introduction 182
Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Plants 183
Phosphoinositides Regulate Golgi-to-Plasma Membrane Transport and Cell Wall Assembly in Yeast 185
Phosphoinositidesphosphoinositidessecondary wall synthesis are Involved in Regulation of Secondary Wall Synthesis in Plants 186
Phosphoinositides are Essential for Root Hair Tip Growthtip growthPPIs in Plants 188
Future Perspectives 188
References 189
177667_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF 192
Imaging Lipids in Living Plants 192
Introduction 192
Visualising Lipidlipidvisualizations 194
32Pi-Radiolabeling32Pi-radiolabelling 194
Lipid BiosensorsLipid biosensors 195
Application of Lipid Biosensorslipid biosensors in Plants 198
New Tools to Study Lipid Signaling 201
References 202
177667_1_En_Part5_Chapter_OnlinePDF 207
Part V: PA Signaling 207
177667_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF 208
Phosphatidic Acid: An Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bondhydrogen bond Switch? 208
Introduction 208
Biosynthesis of PAPAmetabolismPAbiosynthesis 209
Physiological Functions of PAPAfysiological functions 211
The Negative Charge of Biological Membranes Affects Protein Function and Organization 212
PA´s Phosphomonoester Headgroup Has Unique Ionization Properties 213
Factors that Influence the Negative Charge of Ionizable Lipids 213
Hydrogen Bonds Influence the Ionization Propertiesionization properties of PA 214
PAPAelectrostatic/hydrogen-bond switch, an Electrostatic/Hydrogen-Bond Switch? 215
The Model 216
Experimental Support and Biological Implications of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond sw 217
Computational and Experimental Evidence for the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bondhydrogen bond Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bo 217
PA is the Preferred Anionic Lipidanionic lipid for the Interfacial Insertion of Proteins 218
Interaction of the C2 DomainC2 domain of PKC with PA 219
Further Consequences of the Electrostatic/Hydrogen Bond-Switch Modelelectrostatic/hydrogen bond switch model of PA 220
Perspectives 221
References 222
177667_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF 228
Nitric Oxide and Phosphatidic Acid Signaling in Plants 228
Introduction 228
Chemistry of NO 228
NONOlocalizationNOproduction Production and Localization in Plants 229
Phosphatidic AcidPhosphatidic acidsignalling Signaling 229
NO Signaling: Connecting to Phosphatidic Acid Signaling 230
Plant DefensePLANT DEFENSE 233
Stomatal ClosureSTOMATAL CLOSURE 234
Adventitious Root Formation 236
Conclusions and Prospects 239
References 241
177667_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF 248
3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase is a Switchboard from Signaling Lipids to Protein Phosphorylation Cascades 248
Introduction 249
AGC Kinase Family 249
Structural Features of PDK1PDK1structural features 250
PIF Pocket 250
T-Loop 252
PH Domain 253
PDK1 is a Switchboard to Downstream AGC Kinases Regulating Distinct Cellular Responses 254
PDK1 in Oxidative Stress and Pathogen Signaling 255
Regulating the Extent of Growth, PDK1-TOR-S6K Constitute a Signaling Module 257
Regulating the Directionality of Growth, All Around Auxin 258
Functional Prediction for AGC Kinases Based on Gene Expression Correlations of Microarray Datasets 260
References 261
177667_1_En_Part6_Chapter_OnlinePDF 265
Part VI: Additional Lipid Signals 265
177667_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF 266
Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate, A Novel Plant Signaling Lipid 266
Introduction 266
Identification 267
DGPPDGPPstress induced is a Minor Lipid that Accumulates Under Stress Conditions 269
DGPP MetabolismDGPP metabolism 271
PA KinasePA kinase 271
DGPPDGPPphosphatase Phosphatase Activity 272
DGPP and Plant Signaling 274
The Example of Abscisic Acid Signaling 274
Possible Mechanisms of DGPP Action 275
Conclusion and Future Developments 276
References 276
177667_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF 280
OxylipinOxylipinsignallingOxylipin Signaling and Plant Growth 280
Oxylipins are a Diverse Class of Signaling Molecules Derived from Fatty Acids 280
Physiological Roles of Oxylipinsoxylipinsphysiological rolesSee 282
Responses to Wounding and Infection with Pathogens Oxylipinsplant defence 282
Inter-Organismic SignalingInter-organismic signaling 284
Developmental SignalingDevelopmental signalingoxylipinsOxylipinsDevelopmental signalling 285
OxylipinsOxylipinsphytohormones are Part of a Signaling-Network Involving Other Phytohormone Pathways 286
Conclusions 288
References 288
177667_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF 295
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants 295
Introduction 295
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and the Metabolism of N-Acylethanolamine Lipid Mediators in Plants 297
Identification of Plant N-Acylethanolamine HydrolaseN-Acylethanolamine Hydrolases 297
Structural and Biochemical Properties of Plant FAAHFAAH 297
In Planta Expression of FAAHFAAH in Arabidopsis 300
Regulation of N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolaminehydrolase Levels in Planta by NAE Hydrolases 303
Other N-AcylethanolamineN-Acylethanolamineamidase Amidases 304
Subcellular Location of N-Acylethanolamine Amidases 305
Summary and Conclusions 306
References 306
177667_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF 309
SphingolipidSphingolipids Signaling in Plants 309
Introduction 309
SphingolipidSphingolipidstructure Structure and Biosynthesis 311
Sphingolipid StructureStructuresphingomyelinStructuresphingosineStructureglucosylceramideStructuresphingolipids 311
Biosynthesis 313
SphingolipidSphingolipidfunction Function 314
Membrane Functions 314
Signaling and Cell Regulation 316
Conclusions 319
Reference 319
177667_1_En_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF 324
: Index 324