The Cluster Active Archive (eBook)

The Cluster Active Archive 
1 
Preface 4
Part I Products and Services of the Cluster Active Archive 19
1 Cluster Active Archive: Overview 20
1.1 Introduction 21
1.1.1 Cluster Mission 21
1.1.2 CAA Concept 21
1.1.3 CAA Standards 22
1.2 Infrastructure 22
1.2.1 Organization 22
1.2.2 System Architecture 23
1.2.3 System Reviews 26
1.2.4 User Access Statistics 26
1.2.5 User Feedback 28
1.3 Standards 28
1.3.1 CEF Data Format 28
1.3.2 CEF Metadata 29
1.4 Software System 31
1.4.1 User Interface 31
1.4.1.1 Web Interface 31
1.4.1.2 Command-Line Interface 34
1.4.2 Visualization 36
1.4.2.1 CAA Graphics 36
1.4.2.2 Quick-Look Plots 39
1.4.2.3 Pre-generated Inventory Plots 39
1.4.2.4 User-Defined Inventory Plots 39
1.4.3 Support Tools 40
1.5 Science Data Products 40
1.5.1 CAA Products 41
1.5.2 Cluster Raw Data System 41
1.5.3 CSDS Products 42
1.6 Cross-calibration Activity 42
1.7 Future Planning 43
Appendix: CEF Metadata 44
References 54
2 ASPOC Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Instrument Overview 58
2.2.1 Ion Emitters 58
2.2.2 Currents in the Emitter System 59
2.2.3 Instrument Modes 59
2.3 ASPOC Datasets in the Cluster Active Archive 60
2.4 Examples and Applications 62
2.5 Status of the Data Sets 64
References 64
3 Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) Data in the Cluster Active Archive (CAA) 66
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 The CIS Experiment 67
3.2.1 The CODIF (CIS-1) Instrument 69
3.2.2 The HIA (CIS-2) Instrument 70
3.2.3 The CIS Operational Modes 70
3.2.4 CIS Instrument Status 74
3.3 CIS-CAA Archival Products 75
3.3.1 CIS Level 1 Data 76
3.3.2 CIS Level 2 Data 76
3.3.3 CIS Level 3 Data 77
3.3.4 CIS Graphical Data Products 78
3.3.5 CIS Calibration Files 80
3.3.6 CIS Data Processing Software 82
3.3.7 CIS Documentation 82
3.3.8 CIS Data Caveats 83
3.4 Conclusion 85
References 86
4 Digital Wave Processor Products in the Cluster Active Archive 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Time Correction Data 90
4.2.1 Introduction 90
4.2.2 Production 91
4.2.3 Validation 92
4.2.4 Caveats 92
4.2.5 Application 92
4.3 Experiment Status and Commanding Datasets 93
4.3.1 Status Log (DWP_LOG) 93
4.3.2 Commanding (DWP_UT_PIOR) 94
4.4 Particle Correlator Datasets 94
4.4.1 Description 94
4.4.2 Caveats 95
4.5 Software 96
References 96
5 EDI Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Instrument Overview 99
5.2.1 Electric Field Measurement 99
5.2.2 Ambient Electron Monitoring 101
5.2.3 Operations and Limitations 102
5.3 Data Processing Chain 102
5.4 Instrument Data Products 103
5.5 Example of Science Application 108
5.6 Summary of EDI Contribution 109
References 110
6 The EFW Data in the CAA 111
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Measured Quantities, Coordinate Systems 111
6.3 Science Data Products 112
6.4 Production of the Electric Field Data 113
6.5 Caveats 115
6.5.1 10Hz Filter Failure on C2 115
6.5.2 Probe 1 Failure on C1, C2 and C4 115
6.5.3 Solar Wind Wakes 115
6.5.4 Cold Ion Drift Wakes 117
6.5.5 Plasmasphere 119
6.5.6 WHISPER Operations 120
6.5.7 ASPOC Operations 120
6.5.8 EDI Operations 121
6.6 Summary 121
References 122
7 FGM Data Products in the CAA 123
7.1 FGM Instrument Description 123
7.2 The FGM Calibration Procedure for CAA Data Products 124
7.2.1 Overview of the Calibration Procedure 126
7.2.2 The Solar Wind Analysis 127
7.2.3 The Fourier Analysis Technique 129
7.2.4 The Range Change Analysis 132
7.2.5 Inter-Spacecraft Calibration 133
7.3 The FGM Data Products 135
7.3.1 Primary Data Products 135
7.3.2 Support Data Products 135
7.3.3 Calibration Files 136
7.3.4 The Data Production Procedure 136
7.3.5 Quality Control for FGM Data Products Submitted to the CAA 136
7.4 Conclusion 140
References 141
8 PEACE Data in the Cluster Active Archive 143
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 The Cluster PEACE Instruments 144
8.2.1 Instrument Description 144
8.2.1.1 The Electrostatic Analysers 144
8.2.1.2 The Data Accumulation Time Interval and the PEACE Spin 145
8.2.1.3 Energy and Solid Angle Coverage, and Resolution 146
8.2.2 How PEACE Science Data Is Generated and Transmitted 148
8.2.3 PEACE Instrument Status 149
8.3 The CAA PEACE Science Data Products 149
8.3.1 Three Dimensional Distribution Data 149
8.3.1.1 Standard Reduced Resolution 3-D Data (3DR) 150
8.3.1.2 Flexible Reduced Polar Resolution 3-D Data (3DXP, 3DXPLAR) 151
8.3.1.3 Full Resolution 3-D Distributions (3DX, 3DXLAR) 151
8.3.1.4 Partial Azimuth Content 3-D Data (3DXPA, 3DXPALAR) 151
8.3.2 Pitch Angle Distribution Data 151
8.3.2.1 Standard Spin Rate Pitch Angle Data (PITCH_SPIN) 151
8.3.2.2 Full Time Resolution Pitch Angle Data (PITCH_FULL) 153
8.3.2.3 Pitch Angle Data from 3-D Data (PITCH_3DR, PITCH_3DX, PITCH_3DXLAR, PITCH_3DXA, 3DXA_LAR) 154
8.3.3 Electron Moments Data 154
8.3.3.1 Moments from 3-D Data (MOMENTS) 154
8.3.3.2 Prime Parameters 155
8.4 Other Data Products 156
8.4.1 Pre-science Data 156
8.4.1.1 Onboard Selected Pitch Angle Data (PAD) 156
8.4.1.2 Onboard Moments Sums (OMS) 157
8.4.2 Diagnostic Data 157
8.4.2.1 LER 157
8.4.2.2 NOI 157
8.5 Caveats and Status Information 158
8.6 Summary 158
References 158
9 RAPID Products at the Cluster Active Archive 159
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 The RAPID Instrument 160
9.2.1 Electrons 161
9.2.1.1 The Electron Base Products 162
9.2.2 Ions 163
9.2.2.1 The Ion Base Products 165
9.3 Standardized Energy Channels 165
9.4 CAA Products 167
9.4.1 Main Products 167
9.4.2 Support Products 168
9.4.3 Diagnostic Products 168
9.4.4 Graphics and Software 169
9.5 Status of RAPID Data at CAA 169
9.5.1 Recalibration 169
9.5.2 Reissues 171
9.6 Summary 171
References 171
10 STAFF Instrument Products Distributed Through the Cluster Active Archive 173
10.1 Introduction 173
10.2 Instrument Hardware 174
10.2.1 The Magnetic Waveform Unit 174
10.2.2 The Spectrum Analyser 174
10.3 Data Processing 175
10.3.1 STAFF-SC 176
10.3.2 STAFF-SA 176
10.4 Available STAFF Data Products in the CAA 176
10.4.1 STAFF-SC Decommutated Waveform 178
10.4.2 STAFF-SC Complex Spectra 179
10.4.3 STAFF-SC Dynamic Spectra 179
10.4.4 STAFF-SA Automatic Gain Control 179
10.4.5 STAFF-SA Power Spectral Density and Spectral Matrix 179
10.4.6 Caveats 180
10.5 Prospects 181
10.5.1 CAA STAFF Data Status 181
10.5.2 STAFF Data Prospects 181
References 181
11 Cluster Wideband Data Products in the Cluster Active Archive 183
11.1 Introduction 183
11.2 WBD Data and Science Investigations 187
11.3 WBD Products Currently Archived at the CAA 189
11.3.1 Documentation 189
11.3.2 Software 190
11.3.3 WBD Plots 191
11.4 Interpretation Issues with WBD Data 193
11.5 Plans for Archiving WBD Digital Data Files 195
11.6 Cross Calibration Activities 195
11.6.1 Waveform 195
11.6.2 Power Spectral Density 196
11.6.3 Density 196
11.7 Summary 196
References 197
12 The WHISPER Relaxation Sounder and the CLUSTER Active Archive 198
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 WHISPER Instrument Design and Performance 199
12.3 WHISPER Data Products in CAA 203
12.3.1 Natural Waves Related Datasets 203
12.3.2 Energy Related Datasets 205
12.3.3 Sounding Related Datasets 205
12.3.4 Electron Density Related Dataset 206
12.4 Electron Density Determination Process 207
12.4.1 Density Determination in the Solar Wind and Magnetosheath 208
12.4.2 Density Determination in the Plasmasphere, Cusp and Tail 210
12.5 Cross-calibration Activities 212
12.6 Discussion and Conclusion 213
References 219
13 ESOC Data Products in the CAA 222
13.1 The Cluster Mission 222
13.1.1 Ground and Space Segment 222
13.1.2 Mission Operations Concept 223
13.1.3 Evolution of the Cluster Mission 224
13.2 Reports and Technical Notes 225
13.3 Spacecraft System Data 228
13.4 Flight Dynamics Data 230
13.5 Ground Segment Data 232
13.6 Summary 235
References 235
Part II Tools for the CAA Data Analysis 236
14 QSAS, QM Science Analysis Software 237
14.1 Overview 237
14.2 Case Study 238
14.3 Discussion 239
15 Flexible Tools for Accessing the Cluster Archives 244
15.1 Introduction 244
15.2 Software Infrastructure 244
15.2.1 The Retrieval Process 245
15.2.2 The Formatting Process 245
15.2.3 The Analysis and Visualization Process 246
15.3 The MIM Implementation 246
15.4 About the Importance of Metadata 248
15.5 Conclusion 248
References 249
16 AMDA, Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis: A Web-Based Service Provided by the CDPP 250
16.1 Introduction 250
16.2 Analysis of the Needs for Data Exploitation in Space Physics 251
16.3 AMDA (Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis) 252
16.4 A Use Case 253
16.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 257
References 258
17 Cluster CAA Module for PaPCo 259
17.1 Introduction 259
17.1.1 What Is PaPCo? 260
17.1.2 CAA Module for PaPCo 260
17.2 Using the Module 261
17.2.1 Slicing Data 262
17.2.2 Panel Editor 263
17.2.3 Transferring Data from the CAA 264
17.3 Internal Mechanics 266
17.3.1 Reading and Plotting the Data 266
17.3.2 Datasets Database 266
17.3.3 Plug-in Extensions 267
17.3.4 Using PaPCo and the CAA Module to Access Data 267
17.4 Installing PaPCo 267
17.5 Conclusion 267
Part III Measurement Techniques and Calibration Routines 269
18 Electron Density Estimation in the Magnetotail: a Multi-Instrument Approach 270
18.1 Introduction 271
18.2 Cluster Instruments for Electron Density Estimation 271
18.2.1 PEACE 271
18.2.2 EFW 272
18.2.3 WBD 273
18.2.4 WHISPER 273
18.3 Z-Mode in the Distant Tail 275
18.3.1 Event 1: 28 July 2006 276
18.3.2 Event 2: 07 September 2006 277
18.4 A Multi-instrument Approach 279
18.4.1 Lobe Regions 279
18.4.2 PSBL/Outer Plasmasheet 280
18.4.3 Central Plasmasheet 282
18.5 Conclusion 285
References 286
19 Cluster-PEACE In-flight Calibration Status 289
19.1 Introduction 289
19.2 The Calibration Parameters 290
19.2.1 Introduction to the Calibration Parameters 290
19.2.2 Calibration Parameters: HEEA and LEEA 290
19.2.3 Calibration Correction Factors 291
19.2.4 Relationship Between Calibration Parameters and Moments 291
19.3 PEACE In-flight Calibration Method 292
19.3.1 Note on Determination of Electron Moments 292
19.3.2 Determination of Correction Factors 293
19.3.3 Determination of Correction Factors 294
19.3.4 Determination of 0 Calibration Parameter 295
19.4 Assessment of PEACE Calibrations 296
19.4.1 Effect of Inter-anode Sensitivity Corrections 296
19.4.2 EFW-FGM-PEACE Comparisons 299
19.4.3 CIS-PEACE Comparisons 301
19.4.4 PEACE-WHISPER Comparison 302
19.4.5 PEACE-RAPID Comparisons 304
19.4.6 PEACE Inter-instrument Comparisons 305
19.5 Summary 306
References 307
20 Generation and Validation of Ion Energy Spectra Based on Cluster RAPID and CIS Measurements 308
20.1 Introduction 308
20.2 Data and Methodology 309
20.2.1 Fitting Method 310
20.3 Examples 311
20.4 CIS/CODIF and RAPID/IIMS Cross-Calibration 312
20.5 Summary and Outlook 312
References 313
Part IV Magnetospheric Missions 314
21 The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions 315
21.1 Introduction 316
21.2 Mission 316
21.3 Instrumentation 320
21.4 Publications 321
21.5 Recent Results 322
21.5.1 First Observation of Surface Waves on the Bow Shock 323
21.5.2 Solitons Observed and Successfully Modeled at the Magnetopause 323
21.5.3 First 3-D Analysis of the Turbulence in the Magnetosheath 323
21.5.4 Discoveries on Magnetic Reconnection 324
21.5.5 Discovery of the Largest Reconnection Line (2.5 Millions of Kilometers Length) 324
21.5.6 First Observation of Magnetic Reconnection and Electric Current Disruption Close to Earth Using Cluster and Double Star 324
21.5.7 Discovery of Magnetic Reconnection in Turbulent Plasma 325
21.5.8 First Observation of Magnetic Reconnection in Giant Vortices 325
21.5.9 Discovery of Very Elongated Electron Diffusion Region 327
21.5.10 First Observation of 3D Magnetic Reconnection and Magnetic Nulls 327
21.5.11 Confirmation of Relation Between Magnetic Substorms and Plasma Bursty Bulk Flows 327
21.5.12 Strongest Current Measured So Far in the Magnetotail 329
21.5.13 First Measurement of the Size of Ion Diffusion Region Using Cluster Multi-scale Configuration 329
21.5.14 First Measurement of Second Order Terms in the Generalized Ohm's Law 329
21.5.15 First Observation of ``Chorus'' Emission Propagation to Low Altitude 331
21.5.16 Discovery of Magnetosonic Waves Accelerating Electrons to MeV Energies in Radiation Belts 331
21.5.17 First Observation of Narrow Angle Emission of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation 332
21.5.18 First Observation of the Evolution of Electric Circuit Powering the Auroras 333
21.6 Conclusions 333
References 335
22 Double Star: Mission, Instruments and Joint Observations 337
22.1 Introduction 337
22.2 Operations, Payload and Data Acquisition 339
22.3 Orbit Strategy and Mission Extension 343
22.4 Selected Scientific Results 344
22.4.1 Magnetotail Phenomena 344
22.4.2 Selected Scientific Results: Dayside Phenomena 346
22.4.2.1 Cusp-Magnetopause Boundary Layer 347
22.4.2.2 Flux Tube Motion and Reconnection Flows 348
22.4.2.3 Boundary Layer Extent and Energisation 349
22.5 Discussion and Conclusions 349
References 351
Part V Observations of Solar Wind and Magnetosheath 353
23 Effect of Shock Normal Orientation Fluctuations on Field-Aligned Beam Distributions 354
23.1 Introduction 355
23.2 Foreshock FAB Reduced Parallel Distribution Functions 356
23.3 Accessible Source Regions and Velocity Filtering 358
23.4 A Geometric Model 360
23.5 Results 362
23.6 Discussion 364
References 366
24 Wave Number Spectra in the Solar Wind, the Foreshock, and the Magnetosheath 368
24.1 Introduction 368
24.2 Estimator of Wave Number Spectra 369
24.3 Application to Cluster 370
24.4 Discussion and Conclusion 372
References 373
25 Cluster Hot Flow Anomaly Observations During Solar Cycle Minimum 374
25.1 Introduction 374
25.2 Observations 375
25.3 Discussion and Conclusions 378
References 380
26 On the Growth of Mirror Mode Waves in the Magnetosheath Based on Cluster Observations 381
26.1 Introduction 381
26.2 Data Analysis 382
26.3 The Influence of Plasma Parameters on the Occurrence of Mirror Mode Waves 383
26.4 Growth Rate of Fluctuations 385
26.5 Summary 387
References 388
Part VI Observations of Magnetopause and Cusp 390
27 Mixed Azimuthal Scales of Flux Transfer Events 391
27.1 Introduction 391
27.2 Cluster Orientation and Solar Wind Conditions 392
27.3 Extent of Dayside Reconnection: Ionospheric Signatures 394
27.4 In Situ Observations: FTEs and Their Azimuthal Extent 396
27.5 Summary 399
References 399
28 Perspectives Gained from a Combination of Polar, Cluster and ISEE Energetic Particle Measurements in the Dayside Cusp 401
28.1 Introduction 402
28.2 Polar Observations 402
28.3 Cluster Observations 406
28.4 ISEE 1 and 2 Observations 408
28.5 Conclusions 411
References 413
29 Energetic Particles in the Cusp: A Cluster/RAPID View 416
29.1 Introduction 417
29.2 Instrumentation 418
29.3 The High-Latitude Dayside Regions 418
29.4 Reconnection Near the Cusp 420
29.5 Statistics of Energetic Particles in the HLPS and the Cusp 422
29.6 Conclusions 425
References 426
Part VII Observations of Magnetospheric Tail 428
30 Plasma Flow Reversals in the Magnetotail and Their Implications on Substorm Models 429
30.1 Introduction 429
30.2 Features Around Plasma Flow Reversal for MTI Model 429
30.3 Features Around Plasma Flow Reversal for NEI Model 431
30.4 Comparison of Observations with Model Predictions 432
30.5 Summary and Discussion 433
References 433
31 Spatial and Temporal Structures in the Vicinity of the Earth's Tail Magnetic Separatrix Cluster Observations 435
31.1 Introduction 436
31.2 Observations of Magnetic Separatrix Crossing and Transient Effects in PSBL Plasma Distributions 438
31.3 PSBL Manifestations of Quasi-Steady Resonant Acceleration of Ions in the CS 440
31.3.1 Event of 21 September 2001 440
31.3.2 PSBL Signatures of Multiple Acceleration in the CS 442
31.3.3 Modeling of Ion Beam Intersection 444
31.4 Discussion and Summary 446
References 450
32 Cluster Observations of Energy Conversion Regions in the Plasma Sheet 452
32.1 Introduction 453
32.2 Observations 454
32.3 Prospects 457
References 457
33 Acceleration of > 40keV Electrons in Near-Earth Magnetotail Reconnection Events
33.1 Introduction 459
33.2 Reconnection Events 460
33.3 Discussion and Summary 462
References 463
34 Evolution and Energization of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere 464
34.1 Introduction 464
34.2 What Has Been Learned 466
34.2.1 Parameters Used in Paper 466
34.2.2 Summary of Current Knowledge 466
34.2.3 Radial Transport and M Violation Processes 468
34.2.4 Peak Electron Enhancements and Phase Space Density Dependences with L 468
34.2.5 Source Populations 471
34.3 Energetic Electron Responses During July 2004 Storms 474
34.3.1 Data Sources for Example Storms 474
34.3.2 HEO3 Observations of July 2004 Storms 474
34.3.3 Cluster Observations of July 24, 2004 Storm 478
34.4 Summary 482
References 482