Computational Vision and Medical Image Processing (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Automatic Segmentation of the Optic Radiation Using DTI in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Glaucoma 12
1 Introduction 13
2 Interpolation in the Space of Diffusion Tensors 15
3 Initial Estimation of the Optic Radiation and the Midbrain 16
4 Segmentation Using a Statistical Level Set Framework 18
5 Results and Discussion 20
6 Conclusion and Future Work 23
References 24
Real Time Colour Based Player Tracking in Indoor Sports 27
1 Introduction 28
2 Related Work 29
3 Architecture 30
3.1 Projected Solution 31
3.2 Tested Solution 31
4 Image Processing 32
4.1 Team Definition 32
4.2 Background Subtraction 33
4.3 Colour Detection 34
4.4 Blob Aggregation and Characterization 34
4.5 Real World Transformation 36
4.6 Player Tracking 37
5 Results 38
5.1 Overview 38
5.2 Sample Footage 39
5.3 Player Detection 39
5.4 Player Tracking 41
6 Conclusions and Future Work 44
References 45
Visualization of the Dynamics of the Female Pelvic Floor Reflex and Steady State Function 46
1 Introduction 47
1.1 Clinical Problem 47
1.2 Anatomical Considerations 47
1.3 Functional Considerations 48
1.4 Contribution of Imaging 48
1.5 Diagnostic Methods 49
1.6 Evaluation of the Dynamic Function of the PF Using 2D Ultrasound Imaging 50
2 Methods 51
2.1 Coordinate System of the Anatomic Structures 51
2.2 Motion Tracking Algorithms 52
2.3 Image Segmentation Algorithms 53
3 Results 55
3.1 Quantitative Analysis of the Static Characters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle 57
3.2 Automatic Detection of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle 59
3.3 Quantitative Analysis of the Dynamic Characters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle 60
3.4 Quantitative Measurement of Dynamic Parameters of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle 61
3.5 The Kinematical Analysis of the Activities of the UVJ-ARA-SP Triangle 63
3.6 Motion Tracking Algorithms 65
3.7 Visualization of the Dynamic Profiles of the Urethra 65
3.8 Visualization of the Timing of the Dynamic Profiles 67
4 Bio Mechanical Properties of Pelvic Floor Function Using the Vaginal Probe 71
4.1 Temporal/Spatial Visualization 73
4.2 Resting Closure Profiles 73
5 Discussion 75
References 80
Population Exposure and Impact Assessment: Benefits of Modeling Urban Land Use in Very High Spatial and Thematic Detail 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Data and Study Area 85
2.1 Study Area 85
2.2 Remote Sensing Data and Ancillary Space-Related Information 87
3 Multi-Source Modeling of Functional Urban Patterns 87
3.1 Object Based Image Analysis and Integrated Land Cover Classification 88
3.2 Progressing from Land Cover to Land Use Assessment by Adding Ancillary Space-Related Information 88
4 Spatial Analysis of Population Distribution Patterns 90
5 Exposure and Impact Assessment 91
5.1 Population Exposure to Earthquake Hazard 92
5.2 Street Noise Propagation and Affected Population 94
6 Conclusion and Outlook 95
References 97
Dynamic Radiography Imaging as a Tool in the Design and Validation of a Novel Intelligent Amputee Socket 99
1 The Need for Novel Socket Designs in a Constantly Increasing Amputee Population 99
2 Current State-of-the-Art Socket Evaluation Methodologies Are Inefficient in Assessing Trans-Tibial (TT) Socket Problems 100
3 Integrating Dynamic Radiographic Imaging with Computer-Aided Design and Computational Modeling in Socket Evaluation 103
4 SMARTsocket: An Example of Integration of Dynamic Imaging, CAD-CAE and FE Methods in Socket Evaluation 105
5 Conclusion 116
References 116
A Discrete Level Set Approach for Texture Analysis of Microscopic Liver Images 121
1 Introduction 121
2 Mathematical Formulation 123
2.1 Discrete Level Set Theory 123
2.2 Texture Analysis of Liver Tissue 125
2.3 The Proposed Algorithm 126
3 Morphological and Texture Parameters Identification 126
4 Numerical Results 127
5 Conclusions 130
References 131
Deformable and Functional Models 132
1 Introduction 132
2 Deformable Models 133
2.1 Energy-Minimizing Snakes 133
2.2 Dynamic Snakes 135
2.3 Discretization and Numerical Simulation 136
2.4 Probabilistic (Bayesian) Interpretation 138
2.5 Higher-Dimensional Generalizations 139
2.5.1 Deformable Surfaces 139
2.6 Topology-Adaptive Deformable Models 140
2.6.1 Topology-Adaptive Snakes 140
2.6.2 Topology-Adaptive Deformable Surfaces 142
2.7 Deformable Organisms 143
3 Functional Models 145
3.1 Facial Simulation 146
3.2 Biomechanically Simulating and Controlling the Neck-Head-Face Complex 146
3.3 Comprehensive Biomechanical Simulation of the Human Body 147
4 Conclusion 148
References 149
Medical-GiD: From Medical Images to Simulations, 4D MRI Flow Analysis 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Methodology 152
2.1 Medical-GiD 152
2.2 Architecture Design 152
2.3 Magnetic Resonance 153
2.4 Segmentation and Meshing for Computational Simulations 154
3 Results 157
3.1 Aortic Blood Flow Analysis 157
3.2 Blood Flow Velocity Decoding 161
3.3 Numerical Simulation 161
4 Conclusion 163
References 165
KM and KHM Clustering Techniques for Colour Image Quantisation 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Clustering Techniques 168
2.1 KM Technique 168
2.2 KHM Technique 169
3 Tools for Evaluation of Quantisers 170
4 KM versus KHM: Comparison Tests 171
5 Choice of Initialisation Method 177
6 Empty Clusters 178
7 Conclusions 179
References 179
Caries Detection in Panoramic Dental X-ray Images 181
1 Introduction 181
1.1 Dental X-ray 181
1.2 Main Applications 182
1.3 Clinical Environments 182
1.4 Biometrics 182
1.5 Teeth Segmentation 183
1.6 Active Contours Without Edges 184
2 Main Goal/Motivation 185
3 Data-Set 186
3.1 Morphological Properties 186
4 Method 187
4.1 ROI Definition 187
4.2 Jaws Partition 188
4.3 Teeth Gap Valley Detection 189
4.4 Teeth Division 191
4.5 Tooth Segmentation 191
4.6 Dental Caries Classification 192
5 Results 193
5.1 Segmentation 193
5.2 Classification 193
6 Conclusion and Further Work 195
References 195
Noisy Medical Image Edge Detection Algorithm Based on a Morphological Gradient Using Uninorms 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Fuzzy Morphological Operators and Its Properties 199
3 The Proposed Edge Detector Algorithm 201
4 Experimental Results and Analysis 202
5 Conclusions and Future Work 210
References 212
Leveraging Graphics Hardware for an Automatic Classification of Bone Tissue 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Zernike Moments 216
2.1 Optimizations 217
2.2 Input Images 217
3 Using GPUs to Compute Zernike Moments 218
4 Performance Analysis 220
4.1 Hardware Resources 220
4.2 GPU Implementation 221
4.3 Performance Against Existing Methods 221
5 Classification of Bone Tissue Using Zernike Moments 223
5.1 The Biomedical Problem 223
5.2 A Preliminary Selection of Zernike Moments 224
5.3 Searching for the Optimal Vector of Features 225
5.3.1 Candidate Vectors 226
5.3.2 Classifiers Used 227
5.3.3 Training Samples and Input Tiles 227
5.3.4 Classification Results 228
5.3.5 The Rank of Favorite Zernike Moments 229
6 Summary and Conclusions 231
References 232
A Novel Template-Based Approach to the Segmentation of the Hippocampal Region 234
1 Introduction 235
2 The Pipeline 236
2.1 Images Dataset 236
2.2 Extraction of the Hippocampal Boxes 237
2.3 Selection of Templates 239
3 Constrained Gaussian Mixture Model Segmentation of the Brain 240
4 Hippocampal Mask Template Generation 240
4.1 STAPLE 241
4.1.1 The Algorithm 242
4.2 Our Strategy 243
4.2.1 Initialisation Strategy 243
4.2.2 Convergence Check 244
4.2.3 Model Parameters 246
5 Experimental Assessment 246
6 Conclusions 249
References 250
Model-Based Segmentation and Fusion of 3D Computed Tomography and 3D Ultrasound of the Eye for Radiotherapy Planning 252
1 Introduction 253
2 Related Works on Eye Segmentation 254
3 Eye Segmentation in the Active Contour Framework 256
3.1 Practical Implementation and Optimization Strategy 258
3.1.1 Eyeball Segmentation 258
3.1.2 Lens Segmentation 258
3.1.3 Optimization 259
3.2 Segmentation Results and Validation 260
4 Image Fusion 262
4.1 Landmark-Based Registration 263
4.2 Object-Based Transformation 265
5 Discussion 266
References 267
Flow of a Blood Analogue Solution Through Microfabricated Hyperbolic Contractions 269
1 Introduction 269
2 Experimental 271
2.1 Microchannel Geometry 271
2.2 Flow Visualization 272
2.3 Rheological Characterization 272
3 Results 275
3.1 Newtonian Fluid Flow Patterns 275
3.2 Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Patterns 278
4 Conclusions 281
References 283
Molecular Imaging of Hypoxia Using Genetic Biosensors 284
1 Introduction 285
1.1 Optical Methods in Molecular Imaging 285
1.2 Bioluminescence Resonant Energy Transfer (BRET) 286
1.3 Hypoxia as a Tumoral Aggresivity Marker in Cancer 286
2 Materials and Methods 287
2.1 Plasmid Construction 287
2.2 Cell Culture 288
2.3 Transfections 288
2.4 Luciferase Assay 288
2.5 Spectrophotometric Profile of the Fusion Protein 289
2.6 Confocal Microscopy 289
2.7 Fluorescence--Bioluminescence In Vivo Assays and Animal Care 289
3 Results 289
3.1 Outline of the Hypoxia Genetically Encoded Biosensor 289
3.2 Spectrophotometric Characterization of the Fusion Protein 290
3.3 In Vitro Inducible Response of the Biosensor to HIF-1 291
3.4 In Vivo Inducible Response of the Biosensor to HIF-1 292
3.5 In Vivo Bloluminiscence Resonance Energy Transfer Assessment 294
4 Discussion and Conclusions 295
References 297
Microscale Flow Dynamics of Red Blood Cells in Microchannels: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis 299
1 Introduction 300
2 Materials and Methods 300
2.1 Fabrication of the Microchannels 300
2.2 Working Fluids and Geometry of the Bifurcation 302
2.3 Confocal Micro-PTV Experimental Set-Up 303
2.4 Simulation Method 303
3 Results and Discussion 305
4 Limitations and Future Directions 309
5 Conclusions 309
References 310
Two Approaches for Automatic Nuclei Cell Counting in Low Resolution Fluorescence Images 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Related Work 314
3 The Proposed System 315
3.1 Acquisition 316
3.2 Preprocessing 316
3.3 Segmentation 318
3.3.1 Thresholding 319
3.3.2 Post Processing 319
3.4 Nuclei Counting 319
3.4.1 A First Approach, Based on Rules 320
3.4.2 The SVM Classifier Approach 321
4 Implementation and Tests 325
4.1 Implementation 325
4.2 Test Protocol 325
4.3 Results 326
5 Conclusion 326
References 326
Cerebral Aneurysms: A Patient-Specific and Image-Based Management Pipeline 328
1 Introduction 329
2 Patient-Specific and Image-Based Data Processing Pipeline 330
3 Anatomical Modeling: From Medical Images to Anatomical Models 331
4 Morphological Analysis: From Anatomical Models to Shape Descriptors 333
5 Morphodynamic Analysis: Evaluating Temporal Changes in Medical Images 333
5.1 Quantification of Volumetric Changes 334
5.2 Wall Motion Estimation 335
6 Structural Analysis: Estimating Aneurysm Wall Mechanical Properties 337
7 Computational Hemodynamic Analysis: From Anatomical Models to Personalized Flow Descriptors 338
8 Endovascular Device Modeling: From Anatomical Models to Treatment Assessment 339
8.1 Virtual Stenting 340
8.2 Virtual Coiling 341
9 Discussion 343
References 346