Cell Entry by Non-Enveloped Viruses (eBook)

Preface 6
References 8
Contents 10
Contributors 12
Flock House Virus: A Model System for Understanding Non-Enveloped Virus Entry and Membrane Penetration 16
1 Introduction 17
2 Capsid Architecture and Autocatalytic Cleavage of Subunits 18
2.1 FHV Expression Systems 18
2.2 Capsid Structure 19
2.3 Capsid-RNA Interactions 20
2.4 Autocatalytic Cleavage and Production of the Gamma Peptide 21
2.5 Structure and Organization of the gamma Peptides 23
2.6 Metal Ion Binding Sites 24
3 Early Events During FHV Cell Entry 26
3.1 FHV Cell Surface Receptor 27
3.2 Route of FHV Entry 27
4 FHV Membrane Penetration 27
4.1 Structure-Based Model of FHV Membrane Penetration 27
4.2 In Vitro Studies of FHV Membrane Penetration 28
4.3 FHV Membrane Lytic Activity Is Triggered by Low Endocytic pH 29
4.4 FHV Autoproteolytic Cleavage Is Required for Membrane Disruption 29
4.5 Working Model of FHV Entry and Membrane Penetration 30
4.6 Do Particle-Associated or Released gamma Peptides Mediate Membrane Interactions? 30
5 Entry-Intermediate Particle Types 31
5.1 The Eluted Particle: A Putative Entry Intermediate 31
5.2 Additional Entry Intermediate Particle Types? 32
6 Functional Domains of gamma Involved in Entry 32
6.1 gamma Trans-Complementation 33
6.2 Entry Related Function of gamma C-Terminus 33
6.3 Calcium Site Mutations Affect Membrane Penetration 34
6.4 Structure: Function Correlation of FHV Mutants 34
6.5 Does Quasi-Symmetry Dictate Separate Roles for gamma from Different Subunits? 35
7 Concluding Remarks 36
References 36
The Caliciviruses 38
1 Immunity Against Human Calicivirus Infection and Prospects for a Vaccine 38
2 Calicivirus Structure 41
3 Feline Calicivirus Interactions with Its Receptor 43
4 Interaction Between Noroviruses and Polysaccharides 45
5 Attenuation of NMV-1 Pathogenesis 47
6 The Cryo-TEM Structure of the T=3 MNV-1 Capsid 48
7 The Cryo-TEM Structure of MNV-1 Complexed with Fab´s 50
References 52
Picornaviruses 57
1 Introduction to Picornaviruses 58
2 Structure of Picornavirus Particles 60
3 Picornavirus Receptors 62
3.1 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Receptors: VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PVR, CAR 63
3.2 Decay Accelerating Factor 64
3.3 LDLR Family 64
3.4 Integrins 65
3.5 HAV Cellular Receptor (TIM-1) 65
3.6 EV71 Receptors 66
3.7 Sialic Acid 66
3.8 Co-Receptors 66
3.9 Adaptation, Alternative Receptors, Tropism, and Pathogenicity 67
3.9.1 FMDV and Other Integrin-Binding Viruses 67
3.9.2 Major Group Human Rhinoviruses and Ig-Like Receptor-Binding Viruses 68
3.9.3 TMEV Pathogenesis 68
3.9.4 CD155/PVR as a Factor in Poliovirus Pathogenesis 68
4 Endocytosis and Sites of Uncoating 69
4.1 Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis 70
4.1.1 Aphthoviruses 70
4.1.2 Minor Group Human Rhinoviruses 71
4.1.3 Major Group Human Rhinoviruses 72
4.1.4 Other Picornaviruses 73
4.1.5 Role of Endosomal pH 73
4.2 Caveolin-Mediated Endocytosis: Coxsackie and Echoviruses 75
4.2.1 Echovirus 1 75
4.2.2 Coxsackie B3: Role of Co-Receptors 76
4.3 Noncaveolin Nonclathrin Mediated Endocytosis: Poliovirus 77
4.4 Concluding Remarks on Picornavirus Endocytosis 78
5 Capsid Alterations During Uncoating 79
5.1 Enteroviruses 79
5.2 Aphthoviruses 85
6 Membrane Penetration 86
6.1 Review of Experimental Data 86
6.1.1 Interaction of Altered Particles with Membranes 86
6.1.2 Virus-Induced Membrane Permeability 86
6.1.3 Role of Externalized N-Terminus of VP1 87
6.1.4 Role for Released VP4 87
6.1.5 How Much VP4 Is Released During Picornavirus Entry? 88
6.2 Models for Entero/Rhinovirus Membrane Penetration 88
6.3 Membrane Penetration by Other Picornaviruses 89
6.4 Questions Remaining on Membrane Penetration 90
7 Overall Conclusions 90
References 91
From Touchdown to Transcription: The Reovirus Cell Entry Pathway 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Structural Analysis of Reovirus Virions and Attachment Protein sigma1 106
3 Reovirus Attachment Is Mediated by Cell-Surface Sialic Acid and Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A 109
4 Internalization of Reovirus Virions into the Endocytic Pathway Is Mediated by beta1 Integrins 111
5 Removal of Outer-Capsid Protein sigma3 by Cathepsin Proteases Initiates the Reovirus Disassembly Cascade 114
6 Penetration of Endosomal Membranes by Reovirus Is Mediated by Outer-Capsid Protein mu1 116
7 Reovirus Entry Evokes Innate Immune Responses that Trigger Cell Death 120
8 Conclusions and Future Directions 122
References 125
Rotavirus Cell Entry 133
1 Introduction 134
2 Rotavirus Structure 136
2.1 VP4 Spikes 138
2.2 Proteolytic Fragments of VP4 138
2.3 VP8* Structure 138
2.4 VP5* Structure 139
2.5 Oligomeric State of VP4 140
2.6 VP7 Capsid Layer 140
2.7 VP6 Layer 142
2.8 VP2 Layer and the Transcription Enzyme Complex 143
3 Cell Entry 143
3.1 Proteolytic Priming 143
3.2 Endocytosis or Direct Penetration 144
3.3 Membrane Permeabilization 145
3.4 Uncoating 146
3.5 Rotavirus Receptors 147
4 Structural Insights into Cell Entry 149
4.1 Trypsin-Induced Order-to-Disorder Transformation in VP4 150
4.2 Initial Cell Attachment: VP8*-SA Interactions 151
4.3 Entry-Related Structural Gymnastics of the VP4 Spike 152
5 Conclusions 153
References 154
Structures and Functions of Parvovirus Capsids and the Process of Cell Infection 161
1 Parvoviruses: Capsid Structures, Assembly and DNA Packaging 162
2 Dynamic Properties of the Parvovirus Capsid Structure and Cell Infection 167
3 Receptor Binding, Structural Effects, and Internalization from the Cell Surface 170
3.1 Binding Site Insertion and Retargeting 171
3.2 Receptor Binding and Effects on Capsid Structure 173
4 Antibody Binding and Capsid Structures and Functions 173
5 Endosomal Uptake, Signaling, and Infection 175
5.1 Trafficking Within the Endosomal System 176
5.2 Low pH and Virus Infection 177
5.3 Capsid Structural Changes and Endosomal Escape 177
6 Viral Trafficking in the Cytoplasm 178
7 Nuclear Trafficking and DNA Release 179
8 Summary and Future Challenges 181
References 182
Cellular Entry of Polyomaviruses 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Engaging the Host Cell Receptor 192
3 Trafficking to the ER 194
4 Penetration Across the ER Membrane 198
5 Nuclear Entry and Genome Release 201
6 Perspectives 202
References 202
Adenovirus 207
1 Structural Features of Adenovirus 208
2 Adenovirus Receptor Interactions 210
2.1 Interactions with the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor 211
2.2 Interactions with CD46 212
2.3 Interactions with Sialic Acid 213
2.4 Alternative Routes of Adenovirus Attachment to Cells 213
3 Adenovirus Internalization 214
4 Uncoating of Adenovirus Particles 216
4.1 Vertex Dissociation from the Adenovirus Capsid 217
4.2 Adenovirus Uncoating in the Endosome 219
4.3 Identification of Membrane Lytic Factors of Adenovirus 220
4.4 Role of Acidic pH in Adenovirus Entry 223
4.5 Role of the Encapsidated Adenovirus Protease in Entry 226
4.6 Uncoating at the Nuclear Pore Complex 226
4.7 The Impact of the Immune System on Uncoating 227
5 Conclusions 227
References 228
Index 237