Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine (eBook)

From Molecular Embryology to Tissue Engineering

Krishnarao Appasani, Raghu K. Appasani (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 2011
XXVII, 629 Seiten
Humana Press (Verlag)
978-1-60761-860-7 (ISBN)

Defined as, 'The science about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage,' embryology has been a mainstay at universities throughout the world for many years. Throughout the last century, embryology became overshadowed by experimental-based genetics and cell biology, transforming the field into developmental biology, which replaced embryology in Biology departments in many universities. Major contributions in this young century in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics were integrated with both embryology and developmental biology to provide an understanding of the molecular portrait of a 'development cell.' That new integrated approach is known as stem-cell biology; it is an understanding of the embryology and development together at the molecular level using engineering, imaging and cell culture principles, and it is at the heart of this seminal book. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: From Molecular Embryology to Tissue Engineering is completely devoted to the basic developmental, cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells as well as their clinical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It focuses on the basic biology of embryonic and cancer cells plus their key involvement in self-renewal, muscle repair, epigenetic processes, and therapeutic applications. In addition, it covers other key relevant topics such as nuclear reprogramming induced pluripotency and stem cell culture techniques using novel biomaterials. A thorough introduction to stem-cell biology, this reference is aimed at graduate students, post-docs, and professors as well as executives and scientists in biotech and pharmaceutical companies.

Defined as, "e;The science about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage,"e; embryology has been a mainstay at universities throughout the world for many years. Throughout the last century, embryology became overshadowed by experimental-based genetics and cell biology, transforming the field into developmental biology, which replaced embryology in Biology departments in many universities. Major contributions in this young century in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics were integrated with both embryology and developmental biology to provide an understanding of the molecular portrait of a "e;development cell."e; That new integrated approach is known as stem-cell biology; it is an understanding of the embryology and development together at the molecular level using engineering, imaging and cell culture principles, and it is at the heart of this seminal book. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: From Molecular Embryology to Tissue Engineering is completely devoted to the basic developmental, cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells as well as their clinical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It focuses on the basic biology of embryonic and cancer cells plus their key involvement in self-renewal, muscle repair, epigenetic processes, and therapeutic applications. In addition, it covers other key relevant topics such as nuclear reprogramming induced pluripotency and stem cell culture techniques using novel biomaterials. A thorough introduction to stem-cell biology, this reference is aimed at graduate students, post-docs, and professors as well as executives and scientists in biotech and pharmaceutical companies.

Preface 6
Foreword 12
Contents 14
Contributors 18
Part I Stem Cell Biology 30
Introduction to Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine 31
1 Section 1: Stem Cell Biology 32
2 Section 2: Epigenetic and MicroRNA Regulation in Stem Cells 34
3 Section 3: Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications 35
4 Section 4: Nuclear Reprogramming and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 38
5 Section 5: Tissue Engineering 42
6 Section 6: Regenerative Medicine 44
Embryonic Stem Cells: Discovery, Development, and Current Trends 47
1 Embryonic Stem Cells 47
1.1 History 47
1.2 Properties of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 49
1.3 Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells 49
1.4 Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells 51
2 High-Throughput Functional Assays 54
2.1 Large-Scale Differentiation Studies 54
2.2 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Modification and Expression Systems 55
2.3 Large-Scale Gene Transfer 57
3 Transcription Factor Studies 59
3.1 Transcription Factor Functional Determination in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells 59
3.2 Forward Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells by Ectopic Expression of Defined Factors 59
3.3 Reverse Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells by Ectopic Expression of Defined Factors 61
References 63
Bmi1 in Self-Renewal and Homeostasis of Pancreas 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Stem Cells in Pancreas 75
3 Bmi1’s Role in Stem Cells and Development 76
4 Bmi1’s Role in Exocrine Pancreas 78
5 Bmi1’s Role in Endocrine Pancreas 82
6 Conclusions 82
References 83
Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Tumors 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Chemoresistance and Radioresistance and Cancer Stem Cells 86
3 Current Strategies for Isolating Cancer Stem Cells 87
3.1 Cell Markers 87
3.2 “Side-Population” Cells 88
3.3 Sphere Formation 89
3.4 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 89
4 Current Knowledge on Existence of Cancer Stem Cells in Solid Tumors 89
4.1 Brain Tumors 89
4.2 Breast Cancer 91
4.3 Colorectal Cancer 92
4.4 Other Organs 93
5 Limitations of the Current Strategies to Isolate Cancer Stem Cells 94
6 Conclusion 96
References 97
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Skeletal Muscle Repair 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Adipose Tissue as a Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 104
3 In Vitro Myogenic Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells 105
3.1 Autonomous Myogenic Potential 105
3.2 Myogenic Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Cultured with Myoblasts 106
4 In Vivo Myogenic Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells 107
5 Cellular Origin of Myogenic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells 107
6 Genetic Modification of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells 109
6.1 In Vitro Differentiation Potential of MyoD-Human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem Cells 109
6.2 MyoD-Human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Contribute to Muscle Repair In Vivo 110
7 Conclusions 112
References 112
Regeneration of Sensory Cells of Adult Mammalian Inner Ear 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Stratagems for Regenerating Sensory Cells of Adult Mammalian Inner Ear 115
2.1 Advanced Therapy Depends on Better Understanding of the Fate of Inner Ear Sensory Cells 115
2.2 Transplantation Therapy 116
3 Perspectives on Future Research 123
References 124
Stem Cells and Their Use in Skeletal Tissue Repair 127
1 Introduction 127
2 Osteodegenerative Diseases 128
3 Treatment Methods: State of the Art 129
4 Types of Stem Cells 130
4.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 131
4.2 Embryonic Stem Cells 133
5 Stem Cells and Bone Differentiation: Features of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells 134
5.1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells 134
6 Signals That Steer Differentiation 136
7 Stem Cells and Transplantation Aspects 138
8 Conclusion 142
References 143
Part II Epigenetic and microRNARegulation in Stem Cells 149
Epigenetic Identity in Cancer Stem Cells 150
1 Epigenetic Identity in Cancer Stem Cells 150
1.1 Epigenetic Control in Normal Tissue Development and Tumorigenesis 150
1.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in Pluripotency 152
1.3 Concluding Remarks 159
References 160
Function of MicroRNA-145 in Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency 163
1 Human Embryonic Stem Cell 163
1.1 Self-Renewal and Pluripotency 163
1.2 Molecular Delineation of Key Regulators in Human Embryonic Stem Cells 164
1.3 Transcription Factors and Reprogramming 165
2 MicroRNAs 165
2.1 MicroRNA Expression in Embryonic Stem Cells 166
2.2 MicroRNA Processing 166
3 MicroRNA-145: Regulator of Stem Cell Fate 166
3.1 Identification of miR-145 as a Temporally Regulated MicroRNA During Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation 166
3.2 Defining Targets of miR-145: OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 167
3.4 Effect of miR-145 on Endogenous OCT4, KLF4, and SOX2 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells 169
3.5 Induced miR-145 Regulates Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal 169
3.6 miR-145 Promotes Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells 171
3.7 Necessity of miR-145 During Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation 172
3.8 A Novel Feedback Loop of miR-145 and Transcription Factors 172
3.9 Connection of miR-145 and Pluripotency Network 172
4 Conclusions 173
References 174
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Liver Regeneration 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Bone Marrow as a Source of Hepatic Progenitors 177
3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 180
4 Hepatogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells 181
5 Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Liver Diseases 184
6 Clinical Outcomes of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Diseases 186
7 Regulatory Signaling Network of Liver Generation 187
8 MicroRNA 189
8.1 MicroRNAs in Stem Cells 190
8.2 MicroRNAs in Liver Development 191
9 Conclusions 191
References 192
The Role of Time-Lapse Microscopy in Stem Cell Research and Therapy 201
1 Introduction 201
2 Current Methods in Stem Cell Research 203
2.1 Genomics and Proteomics 203
2.2 Live-Cell Imaging 203
2.3 Light Microscopy 204
3 Applications of Time-Lapse Microscopy 205
3.1 Differentiation 205
3.2 Asymmetric Division 206
3.3 Fate Specification 207
3.4 Case Study: Time-Lapse Imaging of Human Embryogenesis 208
4 Perspectives on Future Clinical Applications 209
5 Conclusion 210
References 210
Part III Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications 212
Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem/Multipotent Stromal Cells 213
1 Introduction 214
1.1 History and Definition 214
1.2 Origins, Isolation, and In Vitro Culture 214
1.3 Characterization 215
1.4 Multipotent Differentiation 219
2 Therapeutic Applications 220
2.1 Therapeutic Mechanisms 220
2.1.1 Tissue Regeneration Through Multilineage Differentiation 220
2.1.2 Paracrine Factors and Immunomodulatory Effects 221
2.1.3 Genetically Engineered MSCs 223
2.2 Advantages of Using MSC as Therapeutic Cells 223
2.3 Delivery Routes 223
2.4 Therapeutic Applications 225
2.5 Challenges of MSC-Based Therapy and Safety Concerns 225
3 Chemically Engineered MSCs with Homing Receptors: A Novel Approach to Promoting MSC Homing 230
4 Conclusion and Perspectives 231
References 232
Gastrointestinal Stem Cells 237
1 Introduction 237
2 Gut Stem Cells 238
2.1 Identification and Isolation of Esophageal Epithelial Stem Cells 238
2.2 Intestinal Stem Cells 238
3 Liver Stem Cell Transplantation 240
4 In Vitro Transdifferentiation of Adult Hepatic Stem Cells into Pancreatic Endocrine Hormone–Producing Cells 241
5 Induced Pluripotent Cells 241
6 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 242
References 242
Lung Epithelial Stem Cells 244
1 Introduction 245
2 Lung Development and Cellular Turnover 245
3 Tracking Lung Epithelial Stem Cells in Vivo and in Vitro 246
4 Cellular Context in the Lung Epithelium 247
4.1 Tracheobronchial Zone 247
4.2 Bronchiolar Zone 249
4.3 Respiratory Alveolar Zone 250
5 Branching Regulators and Components of the Stem Cell Niche 251
5.1 Branching Morphogenesis 251
5.2 The Vascular Niche 252
5.3 Neuroendocrine Bodies 252
6 Modeling Human Lung Morphogenesis in Vitro 253
6.1 Human Lung Epithelial Cell Lines 254
7 Discussion and Future Perspectives 255
References 256
Placental-Derived Stem Cells: Potential Clinical Applications 259
1 Introduction of Stem Cell Sources 260
2 Development of Amnion Epithelium 262
3 Stem Cell Properties of Amnion Epithelial Cells 263
4 Immunoregulatory Role of the Amnion 265
5 Preclinical Animal Studies 268
5.1 Neural Disorders 268
5.2 Hepatic Regeneration 269
5.3 Pancreatic Tissue Insulin Production 270
6 Amnion Epithelial Cells in Lung Regeneration 270
7 Clinical Application of Amnion Epithelial Cells 272
8 Conclusions 273
References 275
Bone Marrow Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Clinical Trial Review 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Nonrandomized Clinical Trials: Proof-of-Concept and Safety 281
3 Randomized Trials: Time to Address Efficacy 282
4 Randomized Clinical Trials: Mixed Results from Mixed Protocols? 287
5 Safety Issues 288
6 Conclusion 288
References 289
Stem Cell Transplantation to the Heart 293
1 Introduction 293
2 “Stem Cells” and Candidate Cells for Cardiac Cell Therapy 295
2.1 Skeletal Myoblasts 295
2.2 Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells 296
2.3 Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells 297
2.4 Fetal Cardiac Myoblasts/Embryonic Stem Cells 298
2.5 Endothelial Progenitor Cells 299
2.6 Cardiac Stem/Progenitor Cells 300
3 Preclinical Models and Methods of Delivery 301
3.1 Reproducible “Positive” Findings 301
3.2 Mechanistic Understanding and Other Limitations 302
4 Early Clinical Targets and Initial Human Clinical Trials 303
4.1 Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction 303
4.2 Therapy for Chronic Angina or Heart Failure 304
5 Future Directions and Conclusions 305
References 306
Adult Neural Progenitor Cells and Cell Replacement Therapy for Huntington Disease 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Neurogenesis in the Adult Human Huntington Disease Brain 314
3 Neurogenesis in the Excitotoxic Rodent Model of Huntington Disease 315
4 Neurogenesis in Transgenic Models of Huntington Disease 317
5 Mechanism of Neurogenesis in Huntington Disease 318
6 Enhancing Neurogenesis in Huntington Disease 319
7 Concluding Remarks 321
References 322
Migration of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells in Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases 328
1 Introduction 329
2 Modes and Mechanics of Migration 329
3 Migration in the Forebrain 330
3.1 Embryogenesis 330
3.2 Adult Neurogenesis 333
4 Migration of Transplanted Cells in Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases 334
4.1 Demyelinating Diseases 335
4.2 Stroke 338
4.3 Epilepsy 340
5 Conclusions 343
References 343
Prospects for Neural Stem Cell Therapy of Alzheimer Disease 350
1 Introduction 350
2 The Biology of Alzheimer Disease 351
3 Neural Stem Cells 355
4 Future Directions/Conclusions 357
References 358
Part IV Nuclear Reprogramming and InducedPluripotent Stem Cells 362
Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells as a New Tool for Basic Biology 363
1 Introduction 364
2 Animal Cloning 365
3 Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells 365
3.1 Establishment of Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Individuals 366
3.2 Normality of Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells 367
3.3 Why Are Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells Normal? 368
4 Ethical Issues in Using Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells 370
4.1 A General Attempt to Avoid Ethical Problems 370
5 Improving the Differentiation Potential of Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells by Nuclear Transfer 371
6 Establishing Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Aged Mouse Oocytes That Failed to Fertilize 372
7 Applications of Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Techniques 373
7.1 Therapeutic Medicine 373
7.2 A New Tool for Basic Biology 374
7.3 Producing Offspring from Individual Mice 375
7.4 Preserving Unique but Infertile Mutant Mouse Genes 375
7.5 The Possibility of Resurrecting an Extinct Animal 376
8 Conclusion 377
References 377
Pluripotent Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine: Formation of the Human Germ Line in Vitro 382
1 Introduction 383
2 Genesis of Human Germ Cells 384
3 Nuclear Remodeling and Chromatin Dynamics in Primordial Germ Cells 388
4 Current State of the Art for Generating Primordial Germ Cells from Human Pluripotent Cells 389
5 Is Formation of Haploid Gametes from Human Pluripotent Cells a Reality or a Myth? 394
6 Conclusions 395
References 395
Prospects for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes 398
1 The Impact of Diabetes 398
2 Pathophysiology and Complications of Diabetes 400
3 Stem Cells 400
3.1 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Cellular Reprogramming by Defined Factors 402
3.2 b Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 405
4 Future Directions 406
References 407
Keratinocyte-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Hair to Where? 410
1 Embryonic Stem Cells 411
2 Induced Pluripotency: The Savior of All? 411
3 Keratinocyte-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 413
3.1 Background 413
3.2 Generation 413
3.3 Characterization 414
3.4 Differentiation 416
3.5 Properties and Efficiency 416
3.6 Hair-Derived Keratinocyte-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 418
4 Conclusions 419
Acknowledgments 420
References 420
Generation and Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Pig 423
1 Introduction 423
1.1 Embryonic Stem Cells 423
1.2 Pluripotent Stem Cells from Pig 424
1.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Are Ideal Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cells 425
2 Technical Aspects Involved in the Generation and Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Porcine Fibroblasts 426
2.1 Lentiviral Preparation and Transduction 426
3 Selection of Reprogrammed Cells and Their Properties 429
4 Transcriptome Profile of Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 429
5 Comparison of Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated in Different Laboratories 431
6 Conclusions and Perspectives 433
References 433
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: On the Road Toward Clinical Applications 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Offer Great Therapeutic Potential 437
3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells May Bypass Some of the Ethical Obstacles Presented by Embryonic Stem Cells 437
4 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cell Types Have Promising Therapeutic Potential 438
5 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Offer Good Models for Personalized Medicine 438
6 Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 439
6.1 In Vitro Studies of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 439
7 Genetic and Epigenetic Properties of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 439
8 In Vivo Functional Studies of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 440
8.1 The First Step: Teratoma Formation and Chimera Generation 440
9 True Pluripotency: Tetraploid Complementation 440
10 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside 442
11 Summary and Prospects 444
References 445
Direct Reprogramming of Human Neural Stem Cells by the Single Transcription Factor OCT4 448
1 Introduction 448
2 Background 449
2.1 Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Neural Stem Cells by OCT4 Alone 449
2.2 Endogenous Expression of Pluripotency Markers 452
2.3 Comparison of the Transcriptional Profiles 453
3 Conclusions 454
References 455
Part V Tissue Engineering 457
Stem Cells and Biomaterials: The Tissue Engineering Approach 458
Microtechnology for Stem Cell Culture 472
1 Introduction 472
2 Microstructured Substrate and Cell Topology 476
3 Soluble Environment Control 478
4 Electrical Stimulation and Recording 482
5 Overview of Microtechnology 482
References 484
Using Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Stem Cell Biology 490
1 Introduction 490
2 Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Meets Stem Cell Biology 491
2.1 Physics of the Microscale 492
2.2 Fabrication and Working with Microfluidic Devices 493
3 Lab-on-a-Chip Technology for Investigating Stem Cell Biology 494
3.1 Engineering Stem Cell Microenvironment in Microfluidic Devices 494
4 Generation of Soluble Gradients 495
5 Generation of Insoluble Gradients 495
6 Generation of Gaseous Gradients 496
7 Control of Substratum Rigidity 497
8 Three-Dimensional Stem Cell Culture 497
9 Control of Shear Stress 497
9.1 High-Throughput Screening of Differentiating and Other Factors in Stem Cells 499
9.2 Deducing Signal Transduction Pathways in Microfluidic Devices 499
9.3 Control of Spatial Arrangement and Topography of Stem Cells 500
10 Conclusions and Outlook 501
References 503
The Development of Small Molecules and Growth Supplements to Control the Differentiation of Stem Cells and the Formation of Neural Tissues 506
1 Introduction 507
2 Neural Development in the Mammalian Embryo 507
3 In Vitro Models of Neural Differentiation 508
4 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells as Robust Models of Embryonic Stem Cell Neural Differentiation 509
5 Adult Neural Progenitor Cells 510
6 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 510
7 Inclusion of Small Molecules in Protocols for Neural Differentiation in Vitro 511
8 Natural Small Molecules 511
9 Limitations Associated with All-trans-Retinoic Acid Use in Vitro 512
10 Synthetic Small Molecules 513
11 Neural Supplements 516
12 Use of Small Molecules for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders 516
13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 517
References 518
Long-Term Propagation of Neural Stem Cells: Focus on Three-Dimensional Culture Systems and Mitogenic Factors 521
1 Introduction 521
2 Neural Stem Cells and Their Differentiation Potential 522
3 Central Nervous Areas Used for Isolation of Neural Precursor Cells 522
4 Three-Dimensional Culture Systems for Propagation of Neural Stem Cells 523
5 Neurospheres 523
6 Neural Tissue-Spheres 524
7 Long-Term Propagation of Neural Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture 526
8 Mitogens Used for Propagation of Neural Stem Cells 526
9 Epidermal Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 526
10 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 532
11 Leukemia Inhibitory Factor 532
12 Neurogenesis in Vitro: Regional and Developmental Differences 533
13 Neurogenic Priming During Propagation: Influence of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor 535
14 Conclusion 536
References 537
Part VI Regenerative Medicine 545
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Urology 546
1 Introduction 546
2 Components of Regenerative Medicine and Techniques for Urologic Applications 547
2.1 Biomaterials 547
2.2 Native Targeted Progenitor Cells 549
2.3 Stem Cells and Other Pluripotent Cell Types 550
3 Regenerative Medicine for Major Urologic Structures 553
3.1 Urethra 553
3.2 Bladder 555
3.3 Kidney 559
4 Conclusions 563
Acknowledgments 563
References 563
Muscle-Derived Stem Cells: A Model for Stem Cell Therapy in Regenerative Medicine 570
1 Background 571
2 Isolation of Murine Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 571
3 Characteristics and Origin of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 572
4 Differentiation Capabilities of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 574
5 Cellular Therapy Using Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 574
6 Gene Delivery Using Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 574
7 Role of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells in Muscle Regeneration 575
8 Role of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration 577
9 Role of Muscle-Derived Stem Cells in Cardiac Muscle Regeneration After Infarction 577
10 Factors That Could Influence Stem Cell Performance 578
11 Translational Clinical Applications Based on Muscle-Derived Stem Cells 579
12 Future Directions 580
13 Conclusion 580
Acknowledgments 581
References 581
Regenerative Strategies for Cardiac Disease 584
1 Introduction 584
2 Autologous Noncardiac Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells 585
3 Embryonic Stem Cells 587
4 Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 588
5 Direct Reprogramming of Other Cell Types to the Cardiac Phenotype 589
6 Expansion of Native Cardiomyocyte, Cardiac Stem Cell, or Cardiac Progenitor Cell Populations 592
7 Conclusion: Standards of Evaluation and Prospects for the Future 593
References 595
Collecting, Processing, Banking, and Using Cord Blood Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine 599
1 Introduction 599
2 Collection and Processing of Cord Blood Samples 603
3 Cryopreservation and Banking and Banking of Cord Blood Samples 604
4 Cord Blood Stem Cells and Clinical Applications 605
5 Cardiovascular Disease 605
6 Diabetes 607
7 Neurologic Damage 608
8 Stroke 608
9 Orthopedic Applications 610
10 Epithelial Tissue Applications 611
11 Conclusions 612
References 613
Index 619

Erscheint lt. Verlag	1.11.2010
Reihe/Serie	Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Zusatzinfo	XXVII, 629 p. 65 illus., 31 illus. in color.
Verlagsort	Totowa
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
	Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
	Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Mikrobiologie / Immunologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
	Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
	Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
Schlagworte	Regenerative medicine • stem-cell biology • Tissue engineering
ISBN-10	1-60761-860-5 / 1607618605
ISBN-13	978-1-60761-860-7 / 9781607618607

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