Energy Harvesting Systems (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 8
Contributors 9
1 Kinetic Energy Harvesting 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Principles of Kinetic Energy Harvesting 11
1.2.1 Transfer Function 12
1.2.2 Equivalent Circuit 13
1.2.3 Damping in Kinetic Energy Harvesters 13
1.2.4 Output Power of Kinetic Energy Harvesters 14
1.3 Transduction Mechanisms 17
1.3.1 Electromagnetic (EM) Generators 17
1.3.2 Piezoelectric (PZ) Generators 21
1.3.3 Electrostatic (ES) Generators 23
1.3.4 Other Transduction Mechanisms 27
1.3.5 Comparisons of Transduction Mechanisms 28
1.4 Introduction to Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting 31
1.5 Strategies to Tune Resonant Frequency 32
1.5.1 Evaluating Tuning Approaches 32
1.5.2 Mechanical Tuning Methods 32
1.5.3 Electrical Tuning Methods 55
1.6 Strategies to Widen Bandwidth 62
1.6.1 Generator Array 62
1.6.2 Amplitude Limiter 68
1.6.3 Coupled Oscillators 69
1.6.4 Non-linear Generators 69
1.6.5 Bi-stable Generators 76
1.7 Comparisons of Different Strategies for Adaptive Kinetic Energy Harvesting 77
1.8 Summary 78
References 82
2 Modelling, Performance Optimisation and Automated Designof Mixed-Technology Energy Harvester Systems 87
2.1 Introduction 87
2.2 Energy Harvester Design Flow 89
2.3 Energy Harvester Modelling 91
2.3.1 Micro-generator 91
2.3.2 Voltage Booster 95
2.3.3 Supercapacitor 96
2.3.4 Models Comparison 96
2.4 Automatic Structure Configuration Based on HDL Model Library 100
2.5 Performance Optimisation 102
2.5.1 Exhaustive Search 103
2.5.2 Genetic Optimisation 105
2.6 Concluding Remarks 108
References 108
3 Simulation of Ultra-Low Power Sensor Networks 110
3.1 Introduction 110
3.1.1 Scenario Analysis 113
3.2 Design Space and Design Issues 114
3.2.1 Issues 114
3.2.2 Partitioning 117
3.2.3 How to Solve the Issues 118
3.2.4 SystemC 118
3.2.5 SystemC AMS 120
3.2.6 Network Level Simulation 123
3.3 Modeling Strategies for Power Simulation 124
3.3.1 Power Analysis 125
3.3.2 Example: State Machine 127
3.3.3 Modelling the Channel (Air) 127
3.4 TUV Building Block Library 128
3.4.1 Introduction to Example Implementation of a Transceiver System 128
3.4.2 Why Simulate Analog Components 129
3.4.3 What Is OFDM? 130
3.4.4 Full-Fledged OFDM Transceiver System 131
3.4.5 OFDM Transceiver with Library Usage 144
3.4.6 Advantage of High-Level Signal Processing with the BBL 144
References 147
4 Remote Sensing of Car Tire Pressure 148
4.1 Motivation for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems 148
4.2 Overview of State-of-the-Art TPMS 150
4.2.1 Direct Battery-Based (Active) Systems 150
4.2.2 Direct Battery-Less (Passive) Systems 151
4.2.3 Indirect (ABS-Based) Systems 151
4.3 Motivation and Requirements for In-Tire TPMS 152
4.4 A Self-Sufficient In-Tire TPMS Demonstrator 153
4.4.1 RF Transceiver 154
4.4.2 Power Supply Subsystem 157
4.4.3 Overall System Integration of the In-Tire TPMS Node 159
4.5 Outlook and Future Work 163
4.6 Conclusion 164
References 165
Index 167