Nano-Bio-Sensing (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Introduction to Nano-Biosensing 12
1.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 12
1.2 Nanoscale Microscopy on Biological Systems 13
1.3 Nanolayer Made of Organic and Biological Materials 14
1.4 Metallic Nanolayers and Plasmon Resonance 16
1.5 Quantum Systems and Electrical Charge Confinement 19
1.6 Molecular Confinement by Optical Nanomanipulation 20
1.7 Sensing Biochip Made Using Nanoscale Electronics 22
1.8 Quantized Energy and Its Harvesting 23
1.9 Toward Error-Free and Fault-Tolerant Nano-Biosensing Chips 25
1.10 Conclusion 26
References 27
Chapter 2: Nano-scale Force Spectroscopy Applied to Biological Samples 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Forces on the Molecular Scale 34
2.3 The Atomic Force Microscope 34
2.4 Unzipping and Stretching of DNA Molecules 37
2.5 The Unfolding of Single Proteins 38
2.5.1 Structural Basis for the Resistance to Unfolding 40
2.5.2 Influence of Pulling Geometry on Force-Spectroscopy Measurements 42
2.5.3 Force-Ramp and Force-Clamp Measurements 43
2.5.4 Refolding Studies 44
2.5.5 The Unfolding of Titin 44
2.6 Measurement of Protein-Ligand Interactions 45
2.7 Stretching of Single Polysaccharides in the AFM 47
2.8 Extraction of Surface Molecules 48
2.9 Mapping of Surface-Membrane Molecules in Living Cells 49
2.10 Conclusion 51
References 51
Chapter 3: Surface Nano-patterning of Polymers for Mass-Sensitive Biodetection 54
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Surface Structuring Strategies 56
3.2.1 Natural Antibodies: A Direct Tool for Biodetection 56
3.2.2 Layer-By-Layer Approach 56
3.2.3 Host-Guest Interactions 58
3.2.4 Molecular Imprinting: A Novel Approach for Developing Surface Recognition 58
3.2.4.1 Principle of Molecular Imprinting 59
3.2.4.2 Noncovalent and Covalent Molecular Imprinting 60
3.3 Basic Principle and Theory of Mass-Sensitive Transducers 62
3.3.1 Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators 64
3.4 Mass-Sensitive Detection of Bioanalytes by Tailored Surfaces 65
3.4.1 Microorganisms Recognition System 65
3.4.1.1 Yeast Cells Detection 66
3.4.1.2 Bacterial Detection with Synthetic Receptors 68
3.4.1.3 Virus Sensing by Nano-structured Polymer Surfaces 71
3.4.2 Protein Imprinting and Their Mass-Sensitive Detection 74
3.4.3 Artificial Receptors for Erythrocytes 77
3.4.4 Hormones Detection 79
3.4.5 Bilirubin Detection by Synthetic Receptors 82
3.4.6 Miscellaneous Examples 83
3.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 85
References 86
Chapter 4: Surface Plasmon Resonance on Nanoscale Organic Films 92
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Theory of Surface Plasmons 93
4.3 Density and Refractive Index of Biomolecular Thin Films 97
4.4 Properties and Applications of Gold Colloids 99
4.5 Modeling of Biomolecular Interactions 102
4.5.1 Determination of Binding Constants from Equilibrium Data 102
4.5.2 Determination of Rate Constants from Kinetic Data 106
4.6 Antibody-Based Sensing 110
4.6.1 Immobilisation Issues 111
4.6.2 Enhancement of the Sensitivity 113
4.7 DNA-Based Sensing 117
4.8 AFM Studies of Immobilised Biomolecules 119
4.9 Outlook 123
Appendix A 124
Appendix B 124
References 126
Chapter 5: Nanotechnology to Improve Electrochemical Bio-sensing 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 The Electrochemistry of Biosensing 136
5.3 From Electrochemistry to Nanotechnology 138
5.4 Zero-Dimensional Quantum Systems 141
5.4.1 The Physics of Quantum Dots 141
5.4.2 Quantum Dots as Electrochemical Enhancers 143
5.5 One-Dimensional Quantum Systems 144
5.5.1 The Physics of Quantum Wires 144
5.5.2 Quantum Wires as Electrochemical Enhancers 147
5.6 Two-Dimensional Quantum Systems 149
5.6.1 The Physics of Quantum Wells 149
5.6.2 Quantum Wells as Electrochemical Enhancers 151
5.7 Conclusions 152
References 153
Chapter 6: Nano-Photonics and Opto-Fluidics on Bio-Sensing 158
6.1 Optofluidics for Manipulation of Bioparticles 158
6.1.1 Survey of Bioparticle Manipulation Techniques 158
6.1.2 Optoelectronic Tweezers 159
6.1.2.1 Electrokinetic Forces in OET 163
6.1.2.2 Optical Manipulation of Biological Objects in High Conductivity Cell Culture Media 165
6.1.2.3 Parallel Light-Induced Single Cell Electroporation 166
6.1.2.4 Thermocapillary Movement of Air Bubbles 167
6.2 Nanophotonics for Biosensing 168
6.2.1 Dynamic Manipulation of Metallic Nanoparticles 169
6.2.2 Large-Scale Patterning of SERS Sensors 171
6.3 Conclusion 175
References 177
Chapter 7: Nano-metric Single-Photon Detector for Biochemical Chips 184
7.1 CMOS SPAD: From Concept to Design 184
7.2 SPAD Nanodesign 187
7.3 From Single-Photon Detection to Molecular Imaging 191
7.4 Conclusions 198
References 198
Chapter 8: Energy Harvesting for Bio-sensing by Using Carbon Nanotubes 201
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 CNT-Based Photovoltaic (PV) Device 202
8.3 Review of SWCNT Electronic Properties 203
8.4 Modeling Band Gap of Isolated SWCNT 204
8.4.1 Distinguishing Semiconducting and Metallic SWCNTs 206
8.4.2 Calculating Band Gap of Semiconducting SWCNTs 209
8.5 Simulation and Modeling SWCNT Band-Gap Variation 210
8.5.1 Semiconducting SWCNT Band-Gap Distribution 211
8.5.2 Modeling SWCNT Band-Gap Variation for Normally Distributed Diameters 212
8.6 Analytical Model for Isolated SWCNT Optical Band-Gap Energies 214
8.7 A Conceptual Photovoltaic Device 217
8.8 Conclusion and Outlook 219
References 219
Chapter 9: Integrated Nano-Bio-VLSI Approach for Designing Error-Free Biosensors 223
9.1 Reliability of Nano-Biosensors 224
9.2 Design Flow for a FEC Bio-Silicon Integration 227
9.2.1 Model Biosensor: Principle of Operation 228
9.2.2 Biosensor Structure and Principle 228
9.2.3 Fabrication and Characterization of Fundamental Logic Units 229
9.2.4 Biomolecular Logic Gates 232
9.3 Design of Biomolecular Encoder and Silicon Decoder 234
9.3.1 The Framework of FEC Biosensors 234
9.3.2 Biosensor Encoder 236
9.3.3 Factor Graph Model and Soft Decoding Algorithm 238
9.4 Results and Discussions 240
9.4.1 Behaviorial Simulation of FEC Biosensors 240
9.4.2 Analysis and Discussions 242
9.5 Summary 244
References 244
Index 247