Perspectives of Knowledge Management in Urban Health (eBook)

M. Chris Gibbons is Associate Director of the Johns Hopkins Urban Health Institute, Director of the Center for Community HEALTH and Assistant Professor of Public Health and Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. He is currently President of the International Society for Urban Health. Rajeev K. Bali is a Reader in Healthcare Knowledge Management at Coventry University (UK). He is a Visiting Professor in Knowledge and Healthcare Management at the Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago, USA). Nilmini Wickramasingh is the professor of Business IT & Logistics at RMIT University, Australia. In addition, Dr Wickramasinghe is the editor-in-chief of two scholarly journals: International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations and International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology.

Foreword 8
Preface 10
Part I: KM and Urban Health 12
Part II: Incorporating KM Principles into Urban Health Contexts 12
Part III: Measures and Metrics for KM and Urban Health 13
References 14
Acknowledgements 16
Contents 18
Author Biographies 20
The Editors 20
The Authors 21
Contributors 30
Chapter 1: Knowledge Management for the Urban Health Context 35
1.1 Introduction 35
1.2 Key Concepts in Urban Health 35
1.2.1 Economics 37
1.2.2 Stress and Health 37
1.2.3 Early Life Experiences and the Life Course 37
1.2.4 Education and Literacy 38
1.2.5 Social Support 38
1.2.6 Food Availability 39
1.2.7 Community and Neighborhood 39
1.2.8 Work Environment 40
1.2.9 Healthcare 40
1.2.10 Transportation 41
1.2.11 Political/Governance 42
1.2.12 The Environment 42
1.2.13 Housing 43
1.2.14 Public Health Services 43
1.2.15 Behavior 43
1.3 Information and Knowledge 45
1.4 KM in Healthcare 45
1.4.1 Knowledge for Urban Health Contexts 47
1.5 Concluding Remarks 48
References 49
Chapter 2: Healthcare Knowledge Management: Incorporating the Tools Technologies Strategies and Process of KM to Effect Superior Healthcare Delivery 53
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Knowledge Management 54
2.3 Establishing a Knowledge Management Infrastructure 56
2.3.1 Element of the Knowledge Management Infrastructure 57
2.3.1.1 Infrastructure for Collaboration 57
2.3.1.2 Organizational Memory 58
2.3.1.3 Human Asset Infrastructure 58
2.3.1.4 Knowledge Transfer Network 58
2.3.1.5 Business Intelligence Infrastructure 59
2.3.2 The Intelligence Continuum 59
2.4 Case Study 59
2.4.1 Background for Case 60
2.4.2 Spine Care 61
2.4.3 Technologies 61
2.4.4 Structure 63
2.4.5 Knowledge Management in the Spine Unit 63
2.5 Discussion 64
2.6 Conclusion 67
References 68
Chapter 3: Knowledge Management in the Urban Health Context: Moving Towards Tacit-to-Tacit Knowledge Transfer 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Knowledge Management 72
3.3 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge 73
3.4 Information and Knowledge 74
3.5 Knowledge Creation Stimuli 76
3.6 Urban Health 78
3.7 Conclusion 78
References 79
Chapter 4: A Childhood/Adolescent Knowledge Management System for Urban Area Health Programs in the District of Columbia 82
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Background 83
4.3 The Child Health Information System Workflow 85
4.4 The DC EPSDT Knowledge Management System 86
4.5 Summary 89
References 90
Chapter 5: Urban Health in Developing Countries 91
5.1 Demographic Overview of Urban Health in Developing Countries 92
5.1.1 Urban Growth 92
5.1.2 Growth of Slums1 93
5.2 Sharp Health Disparities and Growing Needs in Urban Areas 93
5.2.1 Disparity in Health and Nutritional Status 94
5.2.2 Access to Health Services 96
5.2.3 Poor Water Supply and Sanitation 96
5.2.4 Other Health Related Risks Faced by Urban Poor 97
5.2.4.1 Occupational Health Hazards 97
5.2.4.2 Exposure to Crime and Violence 97
5.2.4.3 Substance Abuse and Tobacco Consumption 98
5.2.4.4 Traffic Related Injuries and Deaths 98
5.2.5 Urgent Need to Augment Urban Health Services in Developing Countries 99
5.2.5.1 Health Infrastructure 99
5.2.5.2 Health Personnel 99
5.2.5.3 Reach of Services 99
5.2.5.4 Need to Address Determinants of Health 100
5.3 Challenges Faced by Increasingly Urbanizing Developing Countries 100
5.3.1 Unplanned Urban Growth and Unregulated Slum Growth 100
5.3.2 Health System in Urban Areas: Inadequate and Ineffective Public Sector Health Services 101
5.3.3 Community Level Challenges 101
5.3.4 Environmental Factors Including Climate Change 102
5.3.4.1 Climate Change 103
5.3.4.2 Malaria and Vector Borne Diseases 104
5.3.4.3 Air Pollution, CO2, Lead in the Air 104
5.3.5 Governance and Service Provision 105
5.4 Practical Lessons and Experiences from Urban Health Programs in Developing Countries 105
5.4.1 Organizing and Managing Urban Health Services: Increasing Access of the Urban Poor to Public and Private Health Services 105
5.4.2 Creative Financing Options for Urban Health Services 106
5.4.3 Role of NGOs: Between Providers and Communities 107
Dar es Salaam Urban Health Project, Tanzania 109
Vietnam Household Sanitation Revolving Fund 109
Bangladesh Urban Primary Health Care Project 110
5.5 Action Points for Taking This Agenda Forward 111
5.5.1 Global, National Policy Advocacy and Focus on Energetic Policy Implementation 111
5.5.2 Develop Lead Programs in Asia and Africa 112
5.5.3 Make the Invisible Visible 113
5.5.4 Ensure that Underlying Determinants of Health are Included in the Scope of Programs 113
5.5.5 Demonstrate the Economic Benefits of a Well-Functioning Urban Health System 114
5.5.6 Engage the Urban Poor Communities as Active Agents of Change 114
5.5.7 Capacity Building at All Levels 115
5.5.8 Foster Learning from Experiences Through Exchange Programs and Dissemination of Lessons 116
5.5.9 Financing and Creative Utilization of Resources 116
5.5.9.1 The Real/Most Crucial Action Point 117
Slum Communities as Active Agents for Health Improvement in Indore, India 117
5.6 Knowledge Management in Urban Health in Developing Countries 118
5.6.1 Growing Importance of KM in UH in Developing Countries 118
5.6.2 Knowledge Sharing Avenues, Platforms and Approaches 119
5.7 Conclusion 120
References 120
Chapter 6: A Pervasive Wireless Knowledge Management Solution to Address Urban Health Inequalities with Indigenous Australians 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Setting 127
6.2.1 Current Australian Health Scene 127
6.2.2 Current Research 127
6.2.3 Urban Health Inequalities with Indigenous Australians 128
6.3 The Development of a Pervasive Mobile Technology Solution 129
6.4 Discussion 138
6.5 Policy Implications 139
6.6 Conclusions 140
References 141
Chapter 7: The Development of a Framework to Evaluate the Management of HIV/AIDS Programmes in Rural and Urban South Africa 145
7.1 Introduction 146
7.2 A Comparison of HIV/AIDS in Rural and Urban Areas 147
7.3 Issues of Knowledge Management 148
7.4 Development of Framework 150
7.4.1 General Systems Theory and Boulding’s Hierarchy of Systems Complexity 151
7.4.2 Seven Wastes of Lean 153
7.5 Conclusions 154
References 156
Chapter 8: The Potential of Serious Games for Improving Health and Reducing Urban Health Inequalities 159
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Serious Games for Healthcare 160
8.3 American Healthcare 160
8.4 The Challenges Within the Urban Environment 161
8.5 The Potential of Serious Games for Reducing Health Disparities 163
8.6 Discussion and Conclusions 164
References 165
Chapter 9: A Scalable and Viable Strategy for Managing Organization: Typology of Intervening into Complex Healthcare Environmentfor Enhancing Its Continual Development 168
9.1 Introduction 169
9.2 Classification of Complex Healthcare Environment for Making It More Scalable and Viable 169
9.2.1 Ends-Means Hierarchical Structure of Healthcare in Society 170
9.2.2 Two and Three-Axis Models for Categorizing Clients, Care-Providers into Strategic Care Unit 171
9.2.2.1 Two Axes Model, Life Style Evaluated by SES and by SDL in Care-Providers and, by SES and ADL in Clients 171
9.2.2.2 Visualization of Organizational Culture by Two-Axis Model by Economic Value and Controllability 172
9.2.2.3 Three Axes Model of Health Promotion Planning, Level, Process and Situation 173
9.3 Clustering the Participants and Parallel Distributed Processing Approaches in Case Study 174
9.3.1 Clustering the Participants by Job Consciousness, Such as Team Goal, the Goals in Disciplinary Area and Achievement B 175
9.3.2 Comparison of Team Coherence, Performance Reliability, Job Satisfaction, Fairness, Between Group 1 and Group 2 175
9.3.3 Causal Relationship Among Work Demands, Organizational Environment and Criterion of Fairness Between Group 1 and Group 177
9.4 Performance Evaluation in Individual and Collective/Organizational Levels 178
9.4.1 Individual Performance Evaluation 178
9.4.2 Organizational Performance Evaluation 178
9.5 Conclusions 179
9.5.1 Classification for Visualizing Complex SocialIssues as the First Step for Removing the Scales from the Established Di 179
9.5.2 Narrative Strategy in PDP Approaches 179
9.5.3 Performance Evaluation 180
9.5.4 Direction for Future Study 180
References 181
Chapter 10: Amplifying Resonance in Organizational Learning Process: Knowledge Sharing for Overcoming Cognitive Barriers and for Assuring Positive Action 183
10.1 Introduction 184
10.2 Strategic Management of Organization for Enhancing Organizational Competence 185
10.2.1 The Role of Systemic Management to Enhance Knowledge Sharing 185
10.2.1.1 Holistic Principle for Empowering the Stakeholders’ Action by Systemic Management 185
10.2.1.2 Case Study on Organizational Performance by the Type of Organizational Learning 187
10.2.2 Cybernetic Management for Amplifying Resonance Among Different Professions 188
10.2.2.1 Basic Structure of the Second Cybernetic Loop and Other Strategic Ways 188
10.2.2.2 Strategic Management by Applying Basic Functions of Organization 190
10.3 Process Activation in Organizational Learning by Effectively Utilizing the Constraints 191
10.3.1 Incentives and Antecedents 192
10.3.2 Case Study on Prospective Scenario Settings in Organizational Learning Process 193
10.4 Conclusions 195
10.4.1 Knowledge Sharing and Its Diffusion by Overcoming Cognitive Barriers Through Strategic Management 195
10.4.2 Effective and Ethical Utilization of the Incentives and Organizational Culture Types as Organizational Infrastructure 196
10.4.3 Amplifying Resonance Among Healthcare Stakeholders 196
10.4.4 Future Research Directions 197
References 197
Chapter 11: Developing New Urban Health Metrics to Reduce the Know-Do Gap in Public Health 199
11.1 Introduction 200
11.2 Unprecedented Global Urbanization, A New Challenge for Public Health 201
11.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Urban Health 201
11.4 Gaps in Urban Health Equity: Need for New and Revised Metrics for Urban Health 203
11.5 PAHO/WHO’s Urban Health Forum for the Americas 205
11.6 Neighborhood Health Profiles of City of Baltimore 206
11.7 Development of New Health Inventories and Information Platforms 206
11.8 UrbanHEART Tool 207
11.9 Index for Healthy Conditions in Urban Settings 210
11.10 Recommended Websites Related to Urban Health 212
References 213
Chapter 12: Recommendations on Evaluation and Development of Useful Metrics for Urban Health 215
12.1 Urban Health Metric Development Process 215
12.2 Urban Health Metric Developmental Strategy Options 216
12.3 Literature Strengths, Weaknesses and Gaps 217
12.4 Critical Urban Health Metric Key Questions 219
12.5 Urban Health Metrics Development Recommendations 220
12.6 Approach of the Johns Hopkins Urban Health Institute 220
12.7 The Service Network and the Web of Supports 221
12.7.1 Prior to Conception 221
12.7.2 Pre-natal Care 222
12.7.3 Community Health Workers 222
12.7.4 Family Support Center 223
12.7.5 Social Worker 223
12.7.6 Public Health Nurse 224
12.7.7 Pre-kindergarten 224
12.7.8 K-8 Community School Campus 224
12.7.9 High School 225
12.7.10 Volunteers 226
12.7.11 Enrichment Programs 226
12.7.12 Employment Training and Post High School Education 226
12.8 Conclusion 227
References 228
Chapter 13: Making Sense of Urban Health Knowledge 229
13.1 The Power of Knowledge Management 229
13.2 Sharing Knowledge 232
13.3 Beyond KM 233
13.4 The Importance of People 235
13.5 Concluding Remarks: Knowledge, Disease and the Importance of “Sense” 236
References 237
Epilogue 240
Index 241