Artificial General Intelligence (eBook)

The chief editor of the book, Dr. Ben Goertzel, has published 4 research treatises in AI, cognitive science and systems theory, a biography of Linus Pauling, and one previous edited volume (in the area of dynamical psychology), as well as numerous research papers (for his CV, see www.goertzel.org/ben/newResume.htm). Dr. Ben Goertzel has been involved in AI research and application development since the late 1980’s. He holds a PhD in mathematics from Temple University, and over the period 1989-1997 he held several university faculty positions in mathematics, computer science, and psychology, in the US, New Zealand and Australia. Dr. Goertzel is author of numerous research papers and journalistic articles, a biography of Linus Pauling, and five scholarly books dealing with topics in the cognitive sciences, including Chaotic Logic (Plenum Press, 1994), and Creating Internet Intelligence (Plenum Press, 2001).  Currently, as CEO of the software firms Biomind LLC and Novamente LLC, he is leading a team of AI researchers in the development and commercialization of Artificial General Intelligence technology. Cassio Pennachin has been leading software development projects since the mid-1990's, in artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, operations research and other areas.  Prior to taking on his current role as CTO of Novamente LLC and Biomind LLC, he served as founder and CEO of Vetta Technologies, a Brazil-based software consulting firm, and he led a team developing mass spectrometry data analysis software for Proteometrics.  From 1998-2001 Cassio was the former VP of R&D at Webmind Inc., leading several projects in AI, data mining and information retrieval.   Ben and Cassio are the chief architects of the Novamente AI Engine, one of the AGI projects described in the book.

Preface 5
Contents 8
Contemporary Approaches to Artificial General Intelligence 15
1 A Brief History of AGI 15
2 What Is Intelligence? 20
3 The Abstract Theory of General Intelligence 25
4 Toward a Pragmatic Logic 29
5 Emulating the Human Brain 31
6 Emulating the Human Mind 33
7 Creating Intelligence by Creating Life 36
8 The Social Nature of Intelligence 38
9 Integrative Approaches 40
10 The Outlook for AGI 41
Acknowledgments 42
References 42
The Logic of Intelligence 45
1 Intelligence and Logic 45
2 The Components of NARS 57
3 The Properties of NARS 66
4 Conclusions 74
References 74
The Novamente Artificial Intelligence Engine 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Enabling Software Technologies 81
3 What Is Artificial General Intelligence? 86
4 The Psynet Model of Mind 94
5 The Novamente AGI Design 97
6 Interacting with Humans and Data Stores 118
7 Example Novamente AI Processes 124
8 Conclusion 138
Acknowledgments 139
Appendix: Novamente Applied to Bioinformatic Pattern Mining 139
References 141
Essentials of General Intelligence: The Direct Path to Artificial General Intelligence 144
1 Introduction 144
2 General Intelligence 144
3 Shortcuts to AGI 148
4 Foundational Cognitive Capabilities 155
5 An AGI in the Making 157
6 From Algorithms to General Intelligence 160
7 Other Research 163
8 Fast-track AGI: Why So Rare? 165
9 Conclusion 168
References 169
Artificial Brains 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Evolvable Hardware 173
3 The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM) 178
4 Short- and Long-Term Future 183
5 Postscript – July 2002 184
References 186
The New AI: General & Sound &
1 Introduction 187
2 More Formally 188
3 Prediction Using a Universal Algorithmic Prior Based on the Shortest Way of Describing Objects 189
4 Super Omegas and Generalizations of Kolmogorov Complexity & Algorithmic Probability
5 Computable Predictions Through the Speed Prior Based on the Fastest Way of Describing Objects 193
6 Speed Prior-Based Predictions for Our Universe 194
7 Optimal Rational Decision Makers 196
8 Optimal Universal Search Algorithms 197
9 Optimal Ordered Problem Solver (OOPS) 198
10 OOPS-Based Reinforcement Learning 202
11 The Gödel Machine 203
12 Conclusion 204
13 Acknowledgments 206
References 206
Gödel Machines: Fully Self-referential Optimal Universal Self-improvers 211
1 Introduction and Outline 211
2 Basic Overview, Relation to Previous Work, and Limitations 212
3 Essential Details of One Representative Gödel Machine 218
4 Global Optimality Theorem 224
5 Bias-Optimal Proof Search (BIOPS) 225
6 Discussion & Additional Relations to Previous Work
7 Conclusion 234
8 Acknowledgments 235
References 235
Universal Algorithmic Intelligence: A Mathematical Top. Down Approach 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Agents in Known Probabilistic Environments 242
3 Universal Sequence Prediction 253
4 The Universal Algorithmic Agent AIXI 258
5 Important Problem Classes 271
6 Time-Bounded AIXI Model 284
7 Discussion 292
Annotated Bibliography 297
References 299
Program Search as a Path to Artificial General Intelligence 303
1 Intelligence and the Search for Programs 303
2 Theoretical Results 306
3 Convenient Model of Computation 311
4 Reasoning Using Games 326
5 Conclusions 336
References 337
The Natural Way to Artificial Intelligence 339
1 Introduction 339
2 The Epistemological Problem 340
3 Approaches to the Theory of Evolutionary Origin of Human Intelligence 342
4 TwoModels 350
5 Towards the Implementation of Higher Cognitive Abilities 359
6 Conclusion 361
7 Acknowledgements 361
References 361
3D Simulation: the Key to A.I. 364
1 Introduction 364
2 Pillars of Intelligence 365
3 Consciousness 366
4 General Intelligence 369
5 3D Simulation and Language 374
6 Epistemology 377
7 Instantiation: the Heart of Consciousness 378
8 In a Nutshell 381
9 Real-World AI 385
10 Conclusion 396
References 397
Levels of Organization in General Intelligence 399
1 Foundations of General Intelligence 399
2 Levels of Organization in Deliberative General Intelligence 407
3 Seed AI 486
4 Conclusions 503
References 506
Index 512