Fundamentals of Airplane Flight Mechanics (eBook)

Preface 6
Table of Contents 9
Chapter 1 Introduction to Airplane Flight Mechanics 14
1.1 Airframe Anatomy 15
1.2 Engine Anatomy 18
1.3 Equations of Motion 19
1.4 Trajectory Analysis 21
1.5 Stability and Control 24
1.6 Aircraft Sizing 26
1.7 Simulation 27
Chapter 2 3DOF Equations of Motion 29
2.1 Assumptions and Coordinate Systems 30
2.2 Kinematic Equations 32
2.3 Dynamic Equations 33
2.4 Weight Equation 36
2.5 Discussion of 3DOF Equations 36
2.6 Quasi-Steady Flight 39
2.7 Three-Dimensional Flight 42
2.8 Flight over a Spherical Earth 43
2.9 Flight in a Moving Atmosphere 45
Problems 48
Chapter 3 Atmosphere, Aero dynamics, and Propulsion 56
3.1 Standard A tmosphere 56
3.2 Exp onen tial A tmosphere 59
3.3 Aero dynamics: F unctional Relations 62
3.4 Aero dynamics: Prediction 65
3.5 Angle of A ttac k 65
3.6 Drag Co efficien t 72
3.7 P arab olic Drag P olar 77
3.8 Propulsion: Thrust and SF C 82
3.9 Ideal Subsonic Airplane 88
Problems 90
Chapter 4 Cruise and Climb of an Arbitrary Airplane 92
4.1 Special Flight Speeds 93
4.2 Flight Limitations 94
4.3 Trajectory Optimization 95
4.4 Calculations 95
4.5 Flight Envelope 96
4.6 Quasi-steady Cruise 98
4.7 Distance and Time 99
4.8 Cruise Point Performance for the SBJ 101
4.9 Optimal Cruise Trajectories 103
4.10 Constant Velocity Cruise 107
4.11 Quasi-steady Climb 108
4.12 Climb Point Performance for the SBJ 111
4.13 Optimal Climb Trajectories 114
4.14 Constant Equivalent Airspeed Climb 118
4.15 Descending Flight 119
Problems 119
Chapter 5 Cruise and Climb of an Ideal Subsonic Airplane 121
5.1 Ideal Subsonic Airplane (ISA) 122
5.2 Flight Envelope 124
5.3 Quasi-steady Cruise 126
5.4 Optimal Cruise Trajectories 127
5.5 Constant Velocity Cruise 129
5.6 Quasi-steady Climb 131
5.7 Optimal Climb Trajectories 132
5.8 Climb at Constant Equivalent Airspeed 135
5.9 Descending Flight 136
Problems 136
Chapter 6 Take-off and Landing 141
6.1 T ak e-off and Landing Definitions 141
6.2 High-lift Devices 144
6.3 Aero dynamics of High-Lift Devices 146
6.4 CLF , CDF , and CLmax 150
6.5 Ground Run 151
6.6 T ransition 156
6.7 Sample Calculations for the SBJ 159
Chapter 7 PS and Turns 174
7.1 Accelerated Climb 174
7.2 Energy Climb 177
7.3 The PS Plot 178
7.4 Energy Maneuverability 178
7.5 Nonsteady, Constant Altitude Turns 180
7.6 Quasi- Steady Turns: Arbitrary Airplane 184
7.7 Flight Limitations 186
7.8 Quasi- steady Turns: Ideal Subsonic Airplane 191
Chapter 8 6DOF Model: Wind Axes 198
8.1 Equations of Motion 198
8.2 Aerodynamics and Propulsion 201
8.3 Airfoils 203
8.4 Wings and Horizontal Tails 204
8.5 Downwash Angle at the Horizontal Tail 207
8.6 Control Surfaces 209
8.7 Airplane Lift 211
8.8 Airplane Pitching Moment 214
8.9 Q Terms 218
8.10 a . Terms 219
8.11 Airplane Drag 221
8.12 Trimmed Drag Polar 221
Problems 222
Chapter 9 Static Stability and Control 224
9.1 Longitudinal Stability and Control 225
9.2 Trim Conditions for Steady Flight 226
9.3 Static Stability 228
9.4 Control Force and Handling Qualities 231
9.5 Trim Tabs 233
9.6 Trim Conditions for a Pull-up 235
9.7 Lateral-Directional Stability and Control 237
Chapter 10 6DOF Model: Body Axes 241
10.1 Equations of Motion: Body Axes 241
10.2 Equations of Motion: Stability Axes 246
10.3 Flight in a Moving Atmosphere 247
Chapter 11 Dynamic Stability and Control 250
11.1 Equations of Motion 251
11.2 Linearized Equations of Motion 253
11.3 Longitudinal Stabilit y and Con trol 260
11.4 Resp onse to an Elev ator Step Input 261
11.5 Resp onse to a Gust 267
11.6 CG Effects 269
11.7 Dynamic Lateral-Directional S& C
Appendix A SBJ Data and Calculations 275
A.1 Geometry 277
A.2 Flight Conditions for Aerodynamic and S& C Calculations
A.3 Aerodynamics 280
A.4 Static Longitudinal S& C, Trim Conditions
A.5 Dynamic Longitudinal S& C
Appendix B Reference Conditions and Stability Derivatives 284
Appendix C Elements of Linear System Theory 291
C.1 Laplace Transforms 291
C.2 First-Order System 292
C.3 Second-Order System 295
References 303