Ferroelectrics in Microwave Devices, Circuits and Systems (eBook)

Spartak Gevorgian obtained his DrSci in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia. He works as a profesor for the Chalmers University of Technology and also part-time for Ericsson AB, Mölndal, Sweden. As well as having been a professor for his former university in St. Petersburg, Spartak Gevorgian has also worked at the Polytechnic Institute, Yerevan, Armenia. He has been the co-ordinator of several EU projects, including NANOSTAR and MELODY.

Preface 7
Contents 10
Abbreviations 16
Chapter 1 Introduction: Overview of Agile Microwave Technologies 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Ferroelectrics: The Main Material Properties 20
1.3 Microwave Applications 25
1.4 Other Agile Microwave Technologies 33
1.5 Conclusions 36
References 36
Chapter 2 Physics of the Tunable Ferroelectric Devices 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Crystal Structure, Non-Polar (Paraelectric) and Polar (Ferroelectric) Phases 39
2.3 Dielectric Models of the Ferroelectric and Paraelectric Phases 41
2.4 Engineering Models of the Dielectric Permittivity 46
2.5 Models of the Loss Tangent 54
2.6 Dielectric Nonlinearities 61
2.7 Thin Films vs. Bulk 63
2.8 Electro-Acoustic Properties 69
2.9 Bulk Conductivity 73
2.10 Conclusions 74
References 74
Chapter 3 Fabrication of Ferroelectric Components and Devices 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Fabrication of Devices Using Single Crystals 79
3.3 Fabrication of Devices Using Bulk Ceramics 84
3.4 Thick Film, HTCC and LTCC Technologies 90
3.5 Fabrication of Thin Ferroelectric Films 96
3.6 Thin Film Device Processing 114
3.7 Substrate Micromachining and Passivation 122
3.8 Conclusions 124
References 125
Chapter 4 Substrates, Varactors and Passive Components 130
4.1 Introduction 130
4.2 Substrates 131
4.3 Varactors. Basic Designs and Figure of Merit 140
4.4 Equivalent Circuit Model of the Varactors 154
4.5 Low Frequency and Tuning Performances 159
4.6 Microwave Performance 166
4.7 Power Handling Capability and High Power Varactors 177
4.8 Ferroelectrics in Passive Devices as High Permittivity Dielectric 180
4.9 Conclusions 184
References 185
Chapter 5 Ferroelectric Devices 189
5.1 Introduction 189
5.2 Tunable Delay Lines and Delay Line Type Phase Shifters 190
5.3 Phase Shifters 201
5.4 Tunable Filters 210
5.5 Matching Networks (Impedance Tuners) 218
5.6 Power Splitters 220
5.7 Antennas 221
5.8 Nonlinear Devices 222
5.9 TFBARs 226
5.10 Conclusions 231
References 231
Chapter 6 Circuit and System Applications of Tunable Ferroelectric Devices 238
6.1 Introduction 238
6.2 Voltage Controlled Oscillators 239
6.3 Amplifiers 242
6.4 Steerable Phased Array and Beam Antennas 244
References 255
Chapter 7 Modeling 257
7.1 Introduction 257
7.2 Coplanar-Plate Transmission Lines 258
7.3 Multilayer Substrate Coplanar-Plate Capacitors 272
7.4 Parallel-Plate Capacitor 279
7.5 Conclusions 283
Appendix A 285
Appendix B 288
Appendix C 292
Appendix D 297
References 297
Chapter 8 Measurements of the Dielectric Properties 299
8.1 Introduction 299
8.2 Resonant Techniques 301
8.3 Broadband Techniques 329
8.4 Nonlinear Measurements of Ferroelectrics 342
8.5 Switching Time of Ferroelectric Films 344
8.6 Conclusions 346
Appendix E 348
Appendix F 355
Appendix G 358
References 359
Chapter 9 Potentials and Perspectives 362
9.1 Introduction 362
9.2 Multiferroics 363
9.3 Ferroelectric Nanotubes. Ferromagnetic Nanowires 365
9.4 Metamaterials 368
9.5 Bridging the “THz Gap” 371
9.6 Other Tunable Materials 372
9.7 Other/New Effects 381
9.8 Conclusions 384
References 385
Chapter 10 Concluding Remarks 390
10.1 Introduction 390
10.2 Stabilization of the Temperature Dependences 390
10.3 Nonlinearity and Power Handling Capability 395
10.4 Hysteresis, Retention, Long Term Stability and Noise 395
10.5 Reliability 398
10.6 Integration Trends 399
References 400
Index 402