Pancreatic Stem Cells (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
The Pancreas 10
1 Introduction 10
2 The Ductal System 10
3 Vasculature 12
4 Innervation 12
5 Exocrine Pancreas 12
6 Endocrine Pancreas 14
7 Glucose Metabolism 15
Pancreatic Development 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Generation of Endoderm/Gut Epithelium 21
3 Pancreatic Differentiation 22
4 Ductal and Exocrine Specification 28
5 Endocrine Specification 30
6 Beta Cell Differentiation 33
7 The Secondary Transition 36
8 Do Physical Factors Play a Role in Pancreatic Development? 38
9 Correspondence Between Mouse and Human Pancreatic Development 40
Pancreatic Regeneration 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Models of Regeneration 44
3 Where Do New Islets Come from? 47
4 Molecular Mechanisms of Islet Regeneration 52
Stem Cell Differentiation: General Approaches 58
1 Introduction 58
Embryonic Stem Cells and Pancreatic Differentiation 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Mouse ES Cell Experiments 74
3 Human ES Cell Differentiation 78
Adult Stem Cells and Pancreatic Differentiation 87
1 Introduction 87
2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells 88
3 Other Stem Cells 93
Transdifferentiation 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Directed Liver Transdifferentiation 97
Remaining Challenges and Clinical Perspectives 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Diabetes and Islet Transplantation 104
3 Limitations of Islet Transplantation: Engraftment and Long-Term Function 106
4 Limitations of Islet Transplantation: Immunosuppression and Tolerance 107
5 Conclusions 112
References 114
Index 154