Biorefinery Co–Products – Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolics and Value–Added Biomass Processing

Dr D. Julie Carrier is a Professor in Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Her current research is aimed at extracting valuable chemical components from biomass. She has been working in this field for 10 years, accumulating over 50 peer-reviewed papers. In addition to her research, she teaches courses on properties of biological materials and biotechnology/bioprocessing. She has authored over 50 peer reviewed journal articles and 2 book chapters. Danielle Julie Carrier, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. Shri Ramaswamy, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Kaufert Lab, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.

Series Preface xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii 1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology 1 Mahmoud A. Sharara, Edgar C. Clausen and Danielle Julie Carrier 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Feedstock 2 1.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 4 1.4 Biochemical Conversion 10 1.5 Conclusion 15 2 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites 19 Chantal Bergeron 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Primary Metabolites 20 2.3 Secondary Metabolites 23 2.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds 35 2.5 Conclusion 35 3 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries 37 Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Conventional Separation Approaches 39 3.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 45 3.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries 46 3.5 Summary 49 4 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective 55 Kent Rausch 4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes 55 4.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn 63 4.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery 71 4.4 Conclusions 86 5 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems 93 Nurhan Turgut Dunford 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Cereals 95 5.3 Oilseed Biorefineries 102 5.4 Conclusions 108 6 Bioactive Soy Co-Products 117 Arvind Kannan, Srinivas Rayaprolu and Navam Hettiarachchy 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries 119 6.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products 122 6.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products 123 6.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery Nanoencapsulation 126 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 127 7 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing 133 Juliana M. Prado and M. Angela A. Meireles 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake 135 7.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts 138 7.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids 143 7.5 Conclusions 148 8 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing 153 John A. Manthey 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams 154 8.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products 163 8.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products 165 8.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts 170 8.6 Conclusion 171 9 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses 179 Bryan D. Bals, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Methods of Separating Protein 181 9.3 Protein Concentration 185 9.4 Uses for Leaf Protein 187 9.5 Integration with Biofuel Production 189 9.6 Conclusions 192 10 Phytochemicals from Algae 199 Liam Brennan, Anika Mostaert, Cormac Murphy and Philip Owende 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals 203 10.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 213 10.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 220 10.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds 224 10.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution 228 10.7 Conclusions 228 11 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 241 Francois Simard, Andre Pichette and Jean Legault 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 243 11.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest 250 11.4 Conclusion 253 12 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark 259 Michelle Co and Charlotta Turner 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark 261 12.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch 267 12.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants 270 12.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 272 12.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives 278 13 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract 287 Abigail S. Engelberth and G. Peter van Walsum 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Hemicellulose Recovery 289 13.3 Hemicellulose Conversion 295 13.4 Process Economics 305 13.5 Conclusion 306 14 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts 311 Mamdouh Abou-Zaid and Ian M. Scott 14.1 Introduction 311 14.2 Overview of Forest Feedstock 312 14.3 Pyrolysis Technology 317 14.4 Prospects for Fuel Production 317 14.5 Chemicals in the Bio-Oil 318 14.6 Valuable Chemical Recovery Process 320 14.7 Selected Phytochemicals from Pyrolysis Bio-Oils 321 14.8 Other Products 322 14.9 Future Prospects 323 15 Char from Sugarcane Bagasse 327 K. Thomas Klasson 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 Sugarcane Bagasse Availability 330 15.3 Thermal Processing in an Inert Atmosphere (Pyrolysis) 331 15.4 Technology for Converting Char to Activated Char 332 15.5 Char and Activated-Char Characterization and Implications for Use 333 15.6 Uses of Bagasse Char and Activated Char 343 15.7 Conclusions 345 References 345 Index 351