The LTE/SAE Deployment Handbook

Mr. Jyrki T.J. Penttinen began working in the telecommunications industry in 1994 with Telecom Finland its successors and since 2004 has worked with Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks. He has held mobile networks research, design and technical management positions in Finland, Spain, Mexico and USA. Currently, his special interest areas are related to the radio interface of GSM/3G evolution and mobile TV and he holds the position of Senior Solutions Architect with NSN Innovation Center, Madrid, Spain. Mr. Penttinen obtained his M.Sc., Lic.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees from Helsinki University of Technology (currently known as Aalto University, School of Science and Technology), Finland, in 1994, 1999, and 2011, respectively. He is an active lecturer, and has written various telecommunications books.

List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Glossary 1 General 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The LTE Scene 1.3 The Role of LTE in Mobile Communications 1.4 LTE/SAE Deployment Process 1.5 The Contents of the Book References 2 Drivers for LTE/SAE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mobile System Generations 2.3 Data Service Evolution 2.3.1 Development up to 3G 2.3.2 Demand for Multimedia 2.3.3 Commercial LTE Deployments 2.3.4 LTE Refarming Eases Development 2.4 Reasons for the Deployment of LTE 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 Relationship with Alternative Models 2.4.3 TD-LTE versus FD-LTE 2.5 Next Steps of LTE/SAE 2.6 Summary of the Benefits of LTE References 3 LTE/SAE Overview 3.1 Introduction 3.2 LTE/SAE Standards 3.3 How to Find Information from Specs? 3.4 Evolution Path Towards LTE 3.5 Key Parameters of LTE 3.6 LTE vs WiMAX 3.7 Models for Roaming Architecture 3.7.1 Roaming Functionality 3.7.2 Operator Challenges 3.7.3 CS Fallback 3.7.4 Inter-Operator Security Aspects 3.7.5 Selection of Voice Service Method 3.7.6 Roaming and Interconnection Aspects of LTE/SAE 3.8 LTE/SAE Services 3.8.1 Data 3.8.2 Voice 39 3.8.3 MBMS 39 3.9 LTE-Advanced - Next Generation LTE 403.9.1 Key Aspects of LTE-Advanced 3.9.2 Comparison of 3G and 4G 3.9.3 Enablers for the LTE-Advanced Performance References 4 Performance Requirements 4.1 Introduction 4.2 LTE Key Features 4.2.1 Release 8 4.2.2 Release 9 4.2.3 Release 10 4.3 Standards LTE Requirements 4.3.1 Early Ideas of LTE 4.3.2 Standard Radio Requirements of LTE 4.3.3 Data Performance 4.3.4 LTE-UE Requirements 4.3.5 Delay Requirements for Backhaul 4.3.6 System Architecture Evolution 4.4 Effects of the Requirements on the LTE/SAE Network Deployment 4.4.1 Evolved Environment 4.4.2 Spectral Efficiency References 5 LTE and SAE Architecture 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Elements 5.2.1 eNodeB 5.2.2 S-GW 5.2.3 P-GW 5.2.4 MME 5.2.5 GSM and UMTS Domain 5.2.6 Packet Data Network 5.3 Interfaces 5.3.1 Uu Interface 5.3.2 X2 Interface 5.3.3 S1 Interface 5.3.4 S3 Interface 5.3.5 S4 Interface 5.3.6 S5 Interface 5.3.7 S6a Interface 5.3.8 S11 Interface 5.3.9 SGi 5.3.10 Gn/Gp 5.4 Protocol Stacks 5.4.1 User Plane 5.4.2 Control Plane 5.4.3 Layer 1 5.4.4 Layer 2 5.4.5 Layer 3 5.5 Layer 2 Structure References 6 Transport and Core Network 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Functionality of Transport Elements 6.2.1 Transport Modules 6.2.2 LTE Transport Protocol Stack 6.2.3 Ethernet Transport 6.2.4 IP Address Differentiation 6.2.5 Traffic Prioritization on the IP Layer 6.2.6 Traffic Prioritization on Ethernet Layer 6.2.7 VLAN Based Traffic Differentiation 6.2.8 IPsec 6.2.9 Synchronization 6.2.10 Timing Over Packet 6.2.11 Synchronous Ethernet 6.3 Transport Network 6.3.1 Carrier Ethernet Transport 6.3.2 Transport for S1-U Interface 6.4 Core Network 6.5 IP Multimedia Subsystem 6.5.1 IMS Architecture References 7 LTE Radio Network 7.1 Introduction 7.2 LTE Radio Interface 7.3 LTE Spectrum 7.4 OFDM and OFDMA 7.4.1 General Principle 7.4.2 OFDM Transceiver Chain 7.4.3 Cyclic Prefix 7.4.4 Channel Estimation and Equalization 7.4.5 Modulation 7.4.6 Coding 7.4.7 Signal Processing Chain 7.5 SC-FDM and SC-FDMA 7.5.1 SC-FDM Transceiver Chain 7.5.2 PAPR Benefits 7.6 Reporting 7.6.1 CSI 7.6.2 CQI 7.6.3 RI 7.6.4 PMI 7.7 LTE Radio Resource Management 7.7.1 Introduction 7.7.2 QoS and Associated Parameters 7.8 RRM Principles and Algorithms Common to UL and DL 7.8.1 Connection Mobility Control 7.8.2 Admission Control 7.8.3 HARQ 7.8.4 Link Adaptation 7.8.5 Packet Scheduling 7.8.6 Load Balancing 7.9 Uplink RRM 7.9.1 Packet Scheduling: Specific UL Constraints 7.9.2 Link Adaptation 7.9.3 Uplink Signaling for Scheduling and Link Adaptation Support 7.10 Downlink RRM 7.10.1 Channel Quality, Feedback and Link Adaptation 7.10.2 Packet Scheduling 7.10.3 Inter Cell Interference Control 7.11 Intra-LTE Handover References 8 Terminals and Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Effect of Smartphones on LTE 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Is LTE Capable Enough to Handle the Challenge? 8.2.3 LTE RRC States 8.3 Interworking 8.3.1 Simultaneous Support for LTE/SAE and 2G/3G 8.3.2 Support for CS Fallback and VoLTE 8.4 LTE Terminal Requirements 8.4.1 Performance 8.4.2 LTE-UE Categories 8.4.3 HW Architecture 8.4.4 Conformance Test Aspects 8.5 LTE Applications 8.5.1 Non-Operator Applications 8.5.2 Rich Communication Suite 8.5.3 LTE/SAE and RCS References 9 Voice Over LTE 9.1 Introduction 9.2 CS Fallback for Evolved Packet System 9.3 SMS Over SGs 9.3.1 Functionality 9.3.2 Combined EPS/IMSI Attachment 9.3.3 Mobile Originated Short Message 9.3.4 Mobile Terminating Short Message 9.3.5 Deployment View 9.4 Voice and Other CS Services than SMS 9.4.1 Voice and Video Call 9.4.2 Call Unrelated to Supplementary and Location Services 9.4.3 Deployment View 9.5 Voice and SMS Over IP 9.5.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem 9.5.2 Voice and Video Telephony Over IP 9.6 Summary References 10 Functionality of LTE/SAE 10.1 Introduction 10.2 States 10.2.1 Mobility Management 10.2.2 Handover 10.2.3 Connection Management 10.2.4 Authentication 10.2.5 Tracking Area 10.2.6 Paging Procedure 10.3 End-to-End Functionality 10.4 LTE/SAE Roaming 10.4.1 General 10.4.2 Roaming Architecture 10.4.3 Inter-Operator Connectivity 10.4.4 Home Routing 10.4.5 Local Breakout 10.4.6 Home Routing versus Local Breakout 10.4.7 Other Features 10.4.8 APN Usage 10.4.9 Service-Specific Aspects 10.5 Charging 10.5.1 Offline Charging 10.5.2 Charging Data Record 10.5.3 Online Charging References 11 LTE/SAE Security 11.1 Introduction 11.2 LTE Security Risk Identification 11.2.1 Security Process 11.2.2 Network Attack Types in LTE/SAE 11.2.3 Preparation for Attacks 11.2.4 Certificates 11.2.5 LTE Transport Security 11.2.6 Traffic Filtering 11.2.7 Radio Interface Security 11.3 LTE/SAE Service Security - Case Example 11.3.1 General 11.3.2 IPSec 11.3.3 IPSec Processing and Security Gateway 11.3.4 Single Tunnel with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 11.3.5 Single Tunnel with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 11.3.6 Multiple Tunnels with Dedicated Tunnel Interfaces 11.3.7 Multiple Tunnels with Shared Tunnel Interfaces 11.3.8 Summary 11.4 Authentication and Authorization 11.5 Customer Data Safety 11.6 Lawful Interception References 12 Planning and Deployment of SAE 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Network Evolution from 2G/3G PS Core to EPC 12.2.1 3GPP R8 Requirements for LTE Support in Packet Core Network 12.2.2 Introducing LTE in Operator Network 12.3 Entering Commercial Phase: Support for Multi-Mode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Pre-Release 8 SGSN 12.3.1 Support for Multi-Mode LTE/3G/2G Terminals with Release 8 Network 12.3.2 Optimal Solution for 2G/3G SGSN and MME from Architecture Point of View 12.4 SGSN/MME Evolution 12.4.1 Requirements to MME Functionality in LTE Networks 12.5 Case Example: Commercial SGSN/MME Offering 12.5.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Server 12.5.2 Aspects to Consider in SGSN/MME Evolution Planning 12.6 Mobile Gateway Evolution 12.6.1 Requirements to Mobile Gateway in Mobile Broadband Networks 12.7 Case Example: Commercial GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Offering 12.7.1 Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi Network Gateway 12.7.2 Aspects to Consider in GGSN/S-GW/P-GW Evolution Planning 12.8 EPC Network Deployment and Topology Considerations 12.8.1 EPC Topology Options 12.8.2 EPC Topology Evolution 12.9 LTE Access Dimensioning 13 Radio Network Planning 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Radio Network Planning Process 13.3 Nominal Network Planning 13.3.1 Quality of Service 13.4 Capacity Planning 13.5 Coverage Planning 13.5.1 Radio Link Budget 13.5.2 Radio Propagation Models 13.5.3 Frequency Planning 13.5.4 Other Planning Aspects 13.6 Self-Optimizing Network Reference 14 LTE/SAE Measurements 14.1 Introduction 14.2 General 14.2.1 Measurement Points 14.3 Principles of Radio Interface Measurements 14.3.1 LTE Specific Issues for the Measurements 14.3.2 LTE Traffic Simulators 14.3.3 Typical LTE Measurements 14.3.4 Type Approval Measurements 14.3.5 Modulation Error Measurements 14.3.6 LTE Performance Simulations 14.4 LTE Field Measurements 14.4.1 Typical Field Test Environment 14.4.2 Test Network Setup 14.4.3 Test Case Selection 14.4.4 Items to Assure 14.5 Evolution Changes the Rules of Testing 14.6 General Test Requirements and Methods for the LTE Air Interface 14.6.1 OFDM Radio Testing 14.6.2 MIMO Testing 14.6.3 L1 Testing 14.6.4 L2/L3 Testing in LTE 14.6.5 UE Test Loop Modes 14.7 Test Requirements in SAE 14.7.1 Testing at the Network Service Level 14.8 Throughput Testing 14.8.1 End-to-End Network Innovation 14.8.2 Base Station Scheduler as Key Controller of Radio Resources 14.8.3 L1 Performance vs. L3/PDCP Throughput 14.8.4 OTA (Over The Air) Testing 14.8.5 Summary 14.9 Self-Organizing Network Techniques for Test and Measurement 14.9.1 SON Definition and Basic Principles 14.9.2 Technical Issues and Impact on Network Planning 14.9.3 Effects on Network Installation, Commissioning and Optimization Strategies 14.9.4 Conclusion 14.10 Field Testing 14.10.1 LTE Coverage and Power Quality Measurements 14.10.2 Guidelines for LTE Measurements References 15 Recommendations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Transition to LTE - Use Cases 15.2.1 Total Swap 15.2.2 Hot Spots 15.3 Spectrum Aspects 15.3.1 General View on Spectrum Allocation 15.3.2 Coexistence with GSM 15.4 Effect of the Advanced GSM Features on the Fluent LTE Deployment 15.4.1 Common BCCH 15.4.2 AMR Full and Half Rate 15.4.3 Single Antenna Interference Cancellation 15.4.4 Orthogonal Subchannel 15.4.5 Antenna Hopping 15.4.6 EGPRS2 and Downlink Dual Carrier 15.4.7 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation 15.4.8 Signaling Improvements 15.5 Alternative Network Migration Path (Multi-Operator Case) 15.5.1 Introduction to Network Sharing Variants 15.5.2 MORAN and MOBSS 15.5.3 MOCN 15.5.4 National Roaming, Geographical Roaming and IMSI Based Handover 15.6 Hardware Migration Path 15.6.1 Colocated Antenna Systems 15.6.2 Colocation with Shared Multi-Radio Base Station 15.7 Mobile Backhaul----Towards 'All-IP' Transport 15.7.1 Motivation to IP Evolution in Mobile Backhaul 15.7.2 Transport Aspects in Packet Backhaul 15.8 LTE Interworking with Legacy Networks for the Optimal Voice and Data Services 15.8.1 Intersystem Mobility Management for Data Services 15.8.2 CS Fallback 15.8.3 Idle Mode Signaling Reduction References Index