Steel Designers' Manual

The Steel Construction Institute (SCI) is the leading, independent provider of technical expertise and disseminator of best practice to the steel construction sector. Buick Davidson is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Sheffield. Graham Owens was, until recently, Director of the SCI and he is now a consultant for the SCI.

Introduction to the seventh edition xv Contributors xix INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction designing to the Eurocodes 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Creation of the Eurocodes 2 1.3 Structure of the Eurocodes 2 1.4 Non-contradictory complementary information NCCI 5 1.5 Implementation in the UK 5 1.6 Benefits of designing to the Eurocodes 6 1.7 Industry support for the introduction of the Eurocodes 7 1.8 Conclusions 8 2 Integrated design for successful steel construction 10 2.1 Client requirements for whole building performance, value and impact 10 2.2 Design for sustainability 19 2.3 Design for overall economy 27 2.4 Conclusions 33 References to Chapter 2 34 3 Loading to the Eurocodes 35 3.1 Imposed loads 35 3.2 Imposed loads on roofs 38 3.3 Snow loads 39 3.4 Accidental actions 52 3.5 Combinations of actions 54 References to Chapter 3 60 Worked example 61 DESIGN SYNTHESIS 4 Single-storey buildings 65 4.1 The roles for steel in single-storey buildings 65 4.2 Design for long term performance 66 4.3 Anatomy of structure 70 4.4 Loading 78 4.5 Common types of primary frame 80 4.6 Preliminary design of portal frames 90 4.7 Bracing 101 4.8 Design of portal frames to BS EN 1993-1-1 109 References to Chapter 4 127 Worked example 128 5 Multi-storey buildings 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Costs and construction programme 135 5.3 Understanding the design brief 137 5.4 Structural arrangements to resist sway 140 5.5 Stabilising systems 150 5.6 Columns 154 5.7 Floor systems 157 References to Chapter 5 169 6 Industrial steelwork 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Anatomy of structure 181 6.3 Loading 195 6.4 Thermal effects 201 6.5 Crane girder/lifting beam design 202 6.6 Structure in its wider context 204 References to Chapter 6 205 Further reading for Chapter 6 205 7 Special steel structures 207 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 Space frame structures: 3-dimensional grids based on regular solids 208 7.3 Lightweight tension steel cable structures 210 7.4 Lightweight compression steel structures 219 7.5 Steel for stadiums 226 7.6 Information and process in the current digital age the development of technology 228 References to Chapter 7 235 Further reading for Chapter 7 236 8 Light steel structures and modular construction 238 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Building applications 242 8.3 Benefits of light steel construction 245 8.4 Light steel building elements 248 8.5 Modular construction 252 8.6 Hybrid construction 257 8.7 Structural design issues 260 8.8 Non-structural design issues 264 References to Chapter 8 270 9 Secondary steelwork 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Issues for consideration 271 9.3 Applications 280 References to Chapter 9 303 APPLIED METALLURGY 10 Applied metallurgy of steel 305 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Chemical composition 306 10.3 Heat treatment 309 10.4 Manufacture and effect on properties 315 10.5 Engineering properties and mechanical tests 319 10.6 Fabrication effects and service performance 321 10.7 Summary 327 References to Chapter 10 329 Further reading for Chapter 10 330 11 Failure processes 331 11.1 Fracture 331 11.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics 335 11.3 Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics 337 11.4 Materials testing for fracture properties 340 11.5 Fracture-safe design 343 11.6 Fatigue 345 11.7 Final comments 356 References to Chapter 11 357 Further reading for Chapter 11 358 ANALYSIS 12 Analysis 359 12.1 Introduction 359 12.2 The basics 360 12.3 Analysis and design 364 12.4 Analysis by hand 368 12.5 Analysis by software 371 12.6 Analysis of multi-storey buildings 381 12.7 Portal frame buildings 391 12.8 Special structural members 404 12.9 Very important issues 425 References to Chapter 12 427 13 Structural vibration 430 13.1 Introduction 430 13.2 Causes of vibration 432 13.3 Perception of vibration 433 13.4 Types of response 436 13.5 Determining the modal properties 437 13.6 Calculating vibration response 443 13.7 Acceptability criteria 449 13.8 Practical considerations 450 13.9 Synchronised crowd activities 452 References to Chapter 13 452 ELEMENT DESIGN 14 Local buckling and cross-section classification 454 14.1 Introduction 454 14.2 Cross-sectional dimensions and moment-rotation behaviour 457 14.3 Effect of moment-rotation behaviour on approach to design and analysis 461 14.4 Classification table 462 14.5 Economic factors 462 References to Chapter 14 463 15 Tension members 464 15.1 Introduction 464 15.2 Types of tension member 464 15.3 Design for axial tension 465 15.4 Combined bending and tension 468 15.5 Eccentricity of end connections 471 15.6 Other considerations 472 15.7 Cables 473 Further reading for Chapter 15 476 16 Columns and struts 477 16.1 Introduction 477 16.2 Common types of member 477 16.3 Design considerations 478 16.4 Cross-sectional considerations 480 16.5 Column buckling resistance 484 16.6 Torsional and flexural-torsional buckling 486 16.7 Effective (buckling) lengths Lcr 487 16.8 Special types of strut 493 16.9 Economic points 496 References to Chapter 16 497 Further reading for Chapter 16 497 Worked example 498 17 Beams 503 17.1 Introduction 503 17.2 Common types of beam 503 17.3 Cross-section classification and moment resistance Mc,Rd 506 17.4 Basic design 507 17.5 Laterally unrestrained beams 513 17.6 Beams with web openings 520 References to Chapter 17 521 Worked example 522 18 Plate girders 533 18.1 Introduction 533 18.2 Advantages and disadvantages 533 18.3 Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders 534 18.4 Design of plate girders to BS EN 1993-1-5 536 References to Chapter 18 552 Worked example 553 19 Members with compression and moments 563 19.1 Occurrence of combined loading 563 19.2 Types of response interaction 564 19.3 Effect of moment gradient loading 570 19.4 Selection of type of cross-section 574 19.5 Basic design procedure to Eurocode 3 575 19.6 Special design methods for members in portal frames 577 References to Chapter 19 584 Further reading for Chapter 19 585 Worked example 586 20 Trusses 600 20.1 Introduction 600 20.2 Types of truss 600 20.3 Guidance on overall concept 602 20.4 Selection of elements and connections 603 20.5 Analysis of trusses 604 20.6 Detailed design considerations for elements 607 20.7 Bracing 609 20.8 Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders 610 References to Chapter 20 612 Worked example 613 21 Composite slabs 623 21.1 Definition 623 21.2 General description 623 21.3 Design for the construction condition 626 21.4 Design of composite slabs 628 21.5 Design for shear and concentrated loads 633 21.6 Tests on composite slabs 635 21.7 Serviceability limits and crack control 636 21.8 Shrinkage and creep 638 21.9 Fire resistance 639 References for Chapter 21 640 Worked example 641 22 Composite beams 647 22.1 Introduction 647 22.2 Material properties 649 22.3 Composite beams 651 22.4 Plastic analysis of composite section 654 22.5 Shear resistance 658 22.6 Shear connection 659 22.7 Full and partial shear connection 664 22.8 Transverse reinforcement 669 22.9 Primary beams and edge beams 672 22.10 Continuous composite beams 673 22.11 Serviceability limit states 675 22.12 Design tables for composite beams 680 References to Chapter 22 682 Worked example 684 23 Composite columns 701 23.1 Introduction 701 23.2 Design of composite columns 702 23.3 Simplified design method 704 23.4 Illustrative examples of design of composite columns 718 23.5 Longitudinal and transverse shear forces 720 References to Chapter 23 722 Worked example 723 24 Design of light gauge steel elements 733 24.1 Introduction 733 24.2 Section properties 736 24.3 Local buckling 741 24.4 Distortional buckling 744 24.5 Design of compression members 748 24.6 Design of members in bending 751 References to Chapter 24 756 Worked example 757 25 Bolting assemblies 769 25.1 Types of structural bolting assembly 769 25.2 Methods of tightening and their application 771 25.3 Geometric considerations 772 25.4 Methods of analysis of bolt groups 774 25.5 Design strengths 778 25.6 Tables of resistance 783 References to Chapter 25 783 Further reading for Chapter 25 784 26 Welds and design for welding 785 26.1 Advantages of welding 785 26.2 Ensuring weld quality and properties by the use of standards 786 26.3 Recommendations for cost reduction 792 26.4 Welding processes 797 26.5 Geometric considerations 803 26.6 Methods of analysis of weld groups 804 26.7 Design strengths 807 26.8 Concluding remarks 809 References to Chapter 26 810 27 Joint design and simple connections 812 27.1 Introduction 812 27.2 Simple connections 820 References to Chapter 27 842 Worked example 844 28 Design of moment connections 868 28.1 Introduction 868 28.2 Design philosophy 869 28.3 Tension zone 870 28.4 Compression zone 876 28.5 Shear zone 878 28.6 Stiffeners 879 28.7 Design moment of resistance of end-plate joints 879 28.8 Rotational stiffness and rotation capacity 882 28.9 Summary 883 References to Chapter 28 883 FOUNDATIONS 29 Foundations and holding-down systems 885 29.1 Types of foundation 885 29.2 Design of foundations 887 29.3 Fixed and pinned column bases 891 29.4 Pinned column bases axially loaded I-section columns 891 29.5 Design of fixed column bases 902 29.6 Holding-down systems 906 References to Chapter 29 908 Further reading for Chapter 29 909 Worked example 910 30 Steel piles and steel basements 916 30.1 Introduction 916 30.2 Types of steel piles 916 30.3 Geotechnical uncertainty 920 30.4 Choosing a steel basement 923 30.5 Detailed basement design: Introduction 929 30.6 Detailed basement designs: Selection of soil parameters 934 30.7 Detailed basement design: Geotechnical analysis 937 30.8 Detailed basement design: Structural design 943 30.9 Other design details 949 30.10 Constructing a steel basement: Pile installation techniques 950 30.11 Specification and site control 953 30.12 Movement and monitoring 955 References to Chapter 30 956 Further reading for Chapter 30 957 CONSTRUCTION 31 Design for movement in structures 959 31.1 Introduction 959 31.2 Effects of temperature variation 961 31.3 Spacing of expansion joints 962 31.4 Design for movement in typical single-storey industrial steel buildings 962 31.5 Design for movement in typical multi-storey buildings 964 31.6 Treatment of movement joints 965 31.7 Use of special bearings 967 References to Chapter 31 969 32 Tolerances 970 32.1 Introduction 970 32.2 Standards 972 32.3 Implications of tolerances 974 32.4 Fabrication tolerances 976 32.5 Erection tolerances 982 References to Chapter 32 1000 Further reading for Chapter 32 1000 33 Fabrication 1002 33.1 Introduction 1002 33.2 Economy of fabrication 1002 33.3 Welding 1009 33.4 Bolting 1009 33.5 Cutting 1012 33.6 Handling and routeing of steel 1016 33.7 Quality management 1020 References to Chapter 33 1023 Further reading for Chapter 33 1023 34 Erection 1024 34.1 Introduction 1024 34.2 Method statements, regulations and documentation 1025 34.3 Planning 1026 34.4 Site practices 1029 34.5 Site fabrication and modifications 1035 34.6 Steel decking and shear connectors 1037 34.7 Cranes and craneage 1038 34.8 Safety 1048 34.9 Accidents 1055 References to Chapter 34 1056 Further reading for Chapter 34 1056 35 Fire protection and fire engineering 1057 35.1 Introduction 1057 35.2 Building regulations 1057 35.3 Fire engineering design codes 1058 35.4 Structural performance in fire 1062 35.5 Fire protection materials 1072 35.6 Advanced fire engineering 1073 35.7 Selection of an appropriate approach to fire protection and fire engineering for specific buildings 1078 References to Chapter 35 1078 Worked example 1081 36 Corrosion and corrosion prevention 1088 36.1 Introduction 1088 36.2 General corrosion 1089 36.3 Other forms of corrosion 1090 36.4 Corrosion rates 1091 36.5 Effect of the environment 1091 36.6 Design and corrosion 1092 36.7 Surface preparation 1093 36.8 Metallic coatings 1095 36.9 Paint coatings 1097 36.10 Application of paints 1101 36.11 Weather-resistant steels 1102 36.12 The protective treatment specification 1104 Relevant standards 1107 Appendix 1110 Steel technology Elastic properties 1111 European standards for structural steels 1112 Design theory Bending moment, shear and deflection 1115 Second moments of area 1143 Geometric properties of plane sections 1151 Plastic moduli 1154 Formulae for rigid frames 1157 Design of elements and connections Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties 1175 Tables of dimensions and gross section properties 1193 Bolt and Weld Data for S275 1259 Bolt and Weld Data for S355 1274 Eurocodes Extracts from Concise Eurocodes 1289 Floors Floor plates 1309 Construction Fire resistance 1312 Section factors for fire design 1332 Corrosion resistance 1337 Standards British and European Standards for steelwork 1340 Index 1351