High Performance Control of AC Drives with Matlab / Simulink Models

Dr Haitham Abu-Rub, Texas A&M University at Qatar Dr Abu-Rub has been working in the academic field and has been an active expert in the area of electrical machine drives and power electronics for almost 20 years. He is currently Associate Professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. From 1997 until 2005 he worked as first assistant professor and then associate professor at Birzet University, Palestine. He was appointed Chairman of the Electrical Engineering Department there for four years. Dr Abu-Rub has published around 80 journal and conference papers and has co-authored four lab manuals. Dr Atif Iqbal, Aligarh Muslim University, India Dr Iqbal is presently on academic leave from AMU and is working as Teaching Associate in Electrical & Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University at Qatar. He joined the Electrical Engineering Department at Aligarh Muslim University as a Lecturer in 1991 and was promoted to the post of Associate Professor in 2006. Dr Iqbal completed two large R&D projects from AICTE and CSIR, Govt. of India on multi-phase drive control and is currently supervising one large R&D project from CSIR, New Delhi, on Five-phase Matrix Converter and a project on Renewable Energy technology at TAMUQ under UREP. He has filed three patents on the electrical phase transformation systems and published more than is associate editor of International Journal of Electrical & Computer Engineering, SJI, USA. Dr J. Guzinski, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Dr Guzinski is currently an adjunct with the faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology. In 2001 he was the design engineer of power electronics converters at Electrotechnical Research Institute, Gdansk, and was invited as visiting professor at Ecole Superieure d Ingenieurs de Poiters in France. From 2004-2006 and then from 2008-2010 he was head of two grants supported by Polish Government, dedicated to closed loop control of the induction motor with voltage inverter output filter. Dr Guzinski has authored or co-authored more than 80 papers presented in journals and conferences. He is reviewer in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

Acknowledgment xiii Biographies xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction to High Performance Drives 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1 1.2 General Overview of High Performance Drives 6 1.3 Challenges and Requirements for Electric Drives for Industrial Applications 10 1.3.1 Power Quality and LC Resonance Suppression 11 1.3.2 Inverter Switching Frequency 12 1.3.3 Motor Side Challenges 12 1.3.4 High dv/dt and Wave Reflection 12 1.3.5 Use of Inverter Output Filters 13 1.4 Organization of the Book 13 References 16 2 Mathematical and Simulation Models of AC Machines 19 2.1 Preliminary Remarks 19 2.2 DC Motors 19 2.2.1 Separately Excited DC Motor Control 20 2.2.2 Series DC Motor Control 22 2.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 25 2.3.1 Space Vector Representation 25 2.3.2 Clarke Transformation (ABC to ab) 26 2.3.3 Park Transformation (ab to dq) 29 2.3.4 Per Unit Model of Induction Motor 30 2.3.5 Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 32 2.4 Mathematical Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 35 2.4.1 Motor Model in dq Rotating Frame 36 2.4.2 Example of Motor Parameters for Simulation 38 2.4.3 PMSM Model in Per Unit System 38 2.4.4 PMSM Model in a b (x y)-Axis 40 2.5 Problems 42 References 42 3 Pulse Width Modulation of Power Electronic DC-AC Converter 45 3.1 Preliminary Remarks 45 3.2 Classification of PWM Schemes for Voltage Source Inverters 46 3.3 Pulse Width Modulated Inverters 46 3.3.1 Single-Phase Half-bridge Inverters 46 3.3.2 Single-Phase Full-bridge Inverters 54 3.4 Three-phase PWM Voltage Source Inverter 56 3.4.1 Carrier-based Sinusoidal PWM 64 3.4.2 Third-harmonic Injection Carrier-based PWM 67 3.4.3 Matlab/Simulink Model for Third Harmonic Injection PWM 68 3.4.4 Carrier-based PWM with Offset Addition 69 3.4.5 Space Vector PWM 72 3.4.6 Discontinuous Space Vector PWM 77 3.4.7 Matlab/Simulink Model for Space Vector PWM 78 3.4.8 Space Vector PWM in Over-modulation Region 90 3.4.9 Matlab/Simulink Model to Implement Space Vector PWM in Over-modulation Regions 96 3.4.10 Harmonic Analysis 96 3.4.11 Artificial Neural Network-based PWM 96 3.4.12 Matlab/Simulink Model of Implementing ANN-based SVPWM 100 3.5 Relationship between Carrier-based PWM and SVPWM 100 3.5.1 Modulating Signals and Space Vectors 102 3.5.2 Relationship between Line-to-line Voltages and Space Vectors 104 3.5.3 Modulating Signals and Space Vector Sectors 104 3.6 Multi-level Inverters 104 3.6.1 Diode Clamped Multi-level Inverters 106 3.6.2 Flying Capacitor Type Multi-level Inverter 109 3.6.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multi-level Inverter 112 3.7 Impedance Source or Z-source Inverter 117 3.7.1 Circuit Analysis 120 3.7.2 Carrier-based Simple Boost PWM Control of a Z-source Inverter 122 3.7.3 Carrier-based Maximum Boost PWM Control of a Z-source Inverter 123 3.7.4 Matlab/Simulink Model of Z-source Inverter 124 3.8 Quasi Impedance Source or qZSI Inverter 127 3.8.1 Matlab/Simulink Model of qZ-source Inverter 129 3.9 Dead Time Effect in a Multi-phase Inverter 129 3.10 Summary 133 3.11 Problems 134 References 135 4 Field Oriented Control of AC Machines 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Induction Machines Control 140 4.2.1 Control of Induction Motor using V/f Method 140 4.2.2 Vector Control of Induction Motor 143 4.2.3 Direct and Indirect Field Oriented Control 148 4.2.4 Rotor and Stator Flux Computation 149 4.2.5 Adaptive Flux Observers 150 4.2.6 Stator Flux Orientation 152 4.2.7 Field Weakening Control 152 4.3 Vector Control of Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 153 4.3.1 Introduction 153 4.3.2 Vector Control of DFIG Connected with the Grid (ab Model) 155 4.3.3 Variables Transformation 156 4.3.4 Simulation Results 159 4.4 Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 160 4.4.1 Introduction 160 4.4.2 Vector Control of PMSM in dq Axis 160 4.4.3 Vector Control of PMSM in a-b Axis using PI Controller 164 4.4.4 Scalar Control of PMSM 166 Exercises 168 Additional Tasks 168 Possible Tasks for DFIG 168 Questions 169 References 169 5 Direct Torque Control of AC Machines 171 5.1 Preliminary Remarks 171 5.2 Basic Concept and Principles of DTC 172 5.2.1 Basic Concept 172 5.2.2 Principle of DTC 173 5.3 DTC of Induction Motor with Ideal Constant Machine Model 179 5.3.1 Ideal Constant Parameter Model of Induction Motors 179 5.3.2 Direct Torque Control Scheme 182 5.3.3 Speed Control with DTC 184 5.3.4 Matlab/Simulink Simulation of Torque Control and Speed Control with DTC 185 5.4 DTC of Induction Motor with Consideration of Iron Loss 199 5.4.1 Induction Machine Model with Iron Loss Consideration 199 5.4.2 Matlab/Simulink Simulation of the Effects of Iron Losses in Torque Control and Speed Control 202 5.4.3 Modified Direct Torque Control Scheme for Iron Loss Compensation 213 5.5 DTC of Induction Motor with Consideration of both Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation 217 5.5.1 Induction Machine Model with Consideration of Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation 217 5.5.2 Matlab/Simulink Simulation of Effects of both Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation in Torque Control and Speed Control 218 5.6 Modified Direct Torque Control of Induction Machine with Constant Switching Frequency 233 5.7 Direct Torque Control of Sinusoidal Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (SPMSM) 233 5.7.1 Introduction 233 5.7.2 Mathematical Model of Sinusoidal PMSM 234 5.7.3 Direct Torque Control Scheme of PMSM 236 5.7.4 Matlab/Simulink Simulation of SPMSM with DTC 236 References 253 6 Non-Linear Control of Electrical Machines Using Non-Linear Feedback 255 6.1 Introduction 255 6.2 Dynamic System Linearization using Non-Linear Feedback 256 6.3 Non-Linear Control of Separately Excited DC Motors 258 6.3.1 Matlab/Simulink Non-Linear Control Model 258 6.3.2 Non-Linear Control Systems 259 6.3.3 Speed Controller 260 6.3.4 Controller for Variable m 261 6.3.5 Field Current Controller 262 6.3.6 Simulation Results 262 6.4 Multiscalar model (MM) of Induction Motor 262 6.4.1 Multiscalar Variables 262 6.4.2 Non-Linear Linearization of Induction Motor Fed by Voltage Controlled VSI 264 6.4.3 Design of System Control 266 6.4.4 Non-Linear Linearization of Induction Motor Fed by Current Controlled VSI 267 6.4.5 Stator Oriented Non-Linear Control System (based on Ys, is) 270 6.4.6 Rotor-Stator Fluxes-based Model 271 6.4.7 Stator Oriented Multiscalar Model 272 6.4.8 Multiscalar Control of Induction Motor 274 6.4.9 Induction Motor Model 275 6.4.10 State Transformations 275 6.4.11 Decoupled IM Model 277 6.5 MM of Double Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) 278 6.6 Non-Linear Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 281 6.6.1 Non-Linear Control of PMSM for a dq Motor Model 283 6.6.2 Non-Linear Vector Control of PMSM in a-b Axis 285 6.6.3 PMSM Model in a-b (x-y) Axis 285 6.6.4 Transformations 285 6.6.5 Control System 288 6.6.6 Simulation Results 288 6.7 Problems 289 References 290 7 Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive System 293 7.1 Preliminary Remarks 293 7.2 Advantages and Applications of Multi-Phase Drives 294 7.3 Modeling and Simulation of a Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive 295 7.3.1 Five-Phase Induction Motor Model 295 7.3.2 Five-Phase Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter Model 304 7.3.3 PWM Schemes of a Five-Phase VSI 328 7.4 Indirect Rotor Field Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor 344 7.4.1 Matlab/Simulink Model of Field-Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Machine 347 7.5 Field Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor with Current Control in the Synchronous Reference Frame 348 7.6 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 352 7.6.1 MPC Applied to a Five-Phase Two-Level VSI 354 7.6.2 Matlab/Simulink of MPC for Five-Phase VSI 356 7.6.3 Using Eleven Vectors with g 0 356 7.6.4 Using Eleven Vectors with g 1 359 7.7 Summary 359 7.8 Problems 359 References 361 8 Sensorless Speed Control of AC Machines 365 8.1 Preliminary Remarks 365 8.2 Sensorless Control of Induction Motor 365 8.2.1 Speed Estimation using Open Loop Model and Slip Computation 366 8.2.2 Closed Loop Observers 366 8.2.3 MRAS (Closed-loop) Speed Estimator 375 8.2.4 The Use of Power Measurements 378 8.3 Sensorless Control of PMSM 380 8.3.1 Control system of PMSM 382 8.3.2 Adaptive Backstepping Observer 383 8.3.3 Model Reference Adaptive System for PMSM 385 8.3.4 Simulation Results 388 8.4 MRAS-based Sensorless Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive 388 8.4.1 MRAS-based Speed Estimator 389 8.4.2 Simulation Results 396 References 396 9 Selected Problems of Induction Motor Drives with Voltage Inverter and Inverter Output Filters 401 9.1 Drives and Filters Overview 401 9.2 Three-Phase to Two-Phase Transformations 403 9.3 Voltage and Current Common Mode Component 404 9.3.1 Matlab/Simulink Model of Induction Motor Drive with PWM Inverter and Common Mode Voltage 405 9.4 Induction Motor Common Mode Circuit 408 9.5 Bearing Current Types and Reduction Methods 410 9.5.1 Common Mode Choke 412 9.5.2 Common Mode Transformers 414 9.5.3 Common Mode Voltage Reduction by PWM Modifications 415 9.6 Inverter Output Filters 420 9.6.1 Selected Structures of Inverter Output Filters 420 9.6.2 Inverter Output Filters Design 425 9.6.3 Motor Choke 435 9.6.4 Matlab/Simulink Model of Induction Motor Drive with PWM Inverter and Differential Mode (Normal Mode) LC Filter 437 9.7 Estimation Problems in the Drive with Filters 440 9.7.1 Introduction 440 9.7.2 Speed Observer with Disturbances Model 442 9.7.3 Simple Observer based on Motor Stator Models 445 9.8 Motor Control Problems in the Drive with Filters 447 9.8.1 Introduction 447 9.8.2 Field Oriented Control 449 9.8.3 Non-Linear Field Oriented Control 453 9.8.4 Non-Linear Multiscalar Control 457 9.9 Predictive Current Control in the Drive System with Output Filter 461 9.9.1 Control System 461 9.9.2 Predictive Current Controller 464 9.9.3 EMF Estimation Technique 467 9.10 Problems 471 9.11 Questions 475 References 475 Index 479