The Professional Practice of Architectural Working Drawings

Osamu A. Wakita, Hon. AIA, is a retired professor of architecture and former department chair of architecture at Los Angeles Harbor College. He has been involved in architectural education since 1958. He is a recipient of the California Council of the American Institute of Architects′ prestigious Outstanding Architectural Educators Award and is listed in the Council′s General Reference as one of the leading authorities in perspective drawing. Nagy R. Bakhoum is a licensed architect and principal of Obelisk Architects, Inc., in Torrance, California. He has provided architectural services internationally and throughout the state in which he is licensed to practice. He is an authority on high–end residential housing and commercial projects. He has been involved in architectural education since 1996, and is also a Professor of Architecture in the Los Angeles Community College District system. The late Richard M. Linde, AIA, was a licensed architect and President of the American Institute of Architects.

Preface xiii
PART I PROFESSIONAL FOUNDATION S 1


Chapter 1 The Office 3


The Physical Office 4


Office Practice and How It May Be Structured 4


Resource Library 6


Professional Organizations 7


Architect/Client Relationship 7


Implementation of the Construction Documents 12


Building 13


Influence of Building Information Modeling on Building Design 14


Chapter 2 Standards and Techniques, Metrification, Hand Drafting, and Computer–aided Drafting 17


Introduction to Standards and Techniques 18


Drawing Practice 18


Lettering 20


Architectural Drafting 26


Reproduction Methods 26


Office Standards 30


Metrics 35


Hand Drawing 44


Kinds of Drafting Equipment 44


Selecting and Using Drafting Pencils 48


Computer Drafting 49


Office Standards 49


A Game within a Game 67


Power of the CAD Drafter 69


Disadvantages of a Computer 72


Advantages of a Computer 73


Future of CAD 75


Conclusion 78


Chapter 3 BIM, Revit, and Human Concerns 79


Introduction 80


Human Considerations 80


Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 80


Building Information Modeling (BIM) 89


Chapter 4 Sustainable/Green Architecture 107


Environmental and Human Considerations 108


Sustainable Architecture 108


Lateral Influences 109


Energy Conservation 110


Sound 112


Snow 115


Fire and Smoke 116


Temperature 119


Deterioration 120


Drainage/Rainfall 121


Underground Gas Control 123


Water Table 123


Frost Line/Frost Depth 123


Termites and Termite Treatment 125


Energy Sources 126


Future of Energy Sources 132


Chapter 5 Construction Materials and Methods 135


Building Materials 136


Wood Floor Systems 136


Wood Wall Systems 142


Wood Roof Systems 144


Concrete 149


Steel Floor System 155


Steel Stud Wall Framing System 156


Steel Decking Roof System 157


Light Steel Roof Framing System 157


Masonry Wall System 157


Composite Systems and Combinations of Materials 159


Material Selections 161


Wood as a Material 162


Concrete as a Material 166


Steel as a Material 169


Masonry as a Material 174


Chapter 6 Initial Preparation Phase for Construction Documents 177


Working Guidelines for Preparing Construction Documents 178


Making the Transition from Schematic Drawings to Construction Documents 180


Building Code Requirements 180


Primary Materials Analysis 181


Selecting the Primary Structural System 182


Requirements of Consultants 182


Regional Considerations 183


Energy Conservation 185


Interrelationship of Drawings 186


Project Management 186


Office Procedure and Planning Strategy 186


Tracking a Set of Working Drawings 188


Format/Cartoon 190


Project Book 191


Numbers—Legal, Job, Task 192


Drawing Sequence 197


Delivery Methods 208


Part II DOCUMENT EVOLUTION 217


Chapter 7 Site and Grading Plan 219


Site Analysis 220


Site Analysis Applied 222


The Topography Map 225


The Soils and Geology Map 225


The Site Plan 227


The Grading Plan 231


The Site and Grading Plan 234


The Drainage Plan 241


The Erosion and Sediment Control Plans 245


The Utility Plan 245


The Circulation Plan 246


The Landscape, Irrigation, and Drainage Plans 246


The Site Improvement Plan: An Overview 247


Size and Location 250


Chapter 8 Floor Plan 253


Types of Floor Plans 254


Symbols 268


Other Floor–plan Considerations 273


Drawing a Floor Plan with a Computer 277


Chapter 9 Foundation and Roof Plans, Floor and Roof Framing Systems 287


Foundation Introduction 288


Types of Foundations 288


Examples 295


Summary of Typical Conventions for Foundation Plan 300


Exterior and Interior Walls 304


A Steel Structure 305


Roof Plans and Framing Systems 308


Framing with Different Materials 333


Floor Framing 337


Chapter 10 Building Sections 347


Building Sections Defined 348


Drawing a Building Section 348


Types of Building Sections 351


Drafting a Building Section 356


Drafting a Building Section of a Residence 356


Chapter 11 Exterior and Interior Elevations 365


Introduction to Exterior Elevations 366


Drawing Doors and Windows 372


Material Designations 374


Notes 375


Dotted Lines 377


Controlling Factors 380


Drafting an Exterior Elevation 383


Weatherproofing 385


Drawing an Elevation with and without a Model 387


Exterior Elevation Using BIM/Revit 389


Interior Elevations 390


Dimensions and Intersections 394


Drafting an Interior Elevation: Examples 394


Computers and Interior Elevations 395


Evolution of a Set of Interior Elevations 396


Interior Elevations Using BIM/Revit 397


Chapter 12 Schedules: Door, Window, and Finish 403


Schedules Defined 404


Tabulated Schedules: Doors and Windows 404


Pictorial Schedules: Doors and Windows 405


Choosing a Tabulated or Pictorial Schedule 406


Interior Finish Schedules 406


Additional Schedules 408


Schedules as They Relate to Structural Entities 408


CAD–Generated and Computer–Drafted Schedules 409


Schedule Templates 410


Schedules Using BIM or Revit 411


Chapter 13 Architectural Details and Vertical Links (Stairs/Elevators) 421


The Purpose of Architectural Details 422


Freehand Detail Sketches 422


Using Details in Construction Documents 422


Hard–Line (Hand–Drafted and CAD) 428


Footing Detail 430


Window Detail 432


Fireplace 436


Stair Design and Vertical Links 443


Mechanical Vertical Links 447


Detailing in BIM/Revit 451


Tenant Improvement Details 452


Part III CASE STUDIES 459


Chapter 14 C onstruction Documents for a One–story, Conventional Wood–framed Residence 461


Conceptual Design 462


Design and Schematic Drawings 463


Evolution of the Working Drawings 467


Site Plan, Vicinity Map, Roof Plan, and Notes 467


Jadyn Residence Site Plan 471


Jadyn Residence Floor Plan 473


Jadyn Residence Roof Plan 480


Jadyn Residence Building Sections 480


Jadyn Residence Exterior Elevations 486


Jadyn Residence Foundation Plan 491


Framing a Residence 494


Jadyn Residence Roof Framing Plan 498


Jadyn Residence Interior Elevations 498


Set Check 502


Chapter 15 Construction Documents for a Two–story, Wood–framed Residence with Basement 507


Schematic Design for Blu Residence 508


Site Plan 511


First–Floor Plan 513


Second–Floor Plan 514


Roof Plan 518


Blu Residence Building Sections 518


Blu Residence Building Elevations 522


Foundation Plan: Slab and Raised Wood 529


Blu Residence Foundation Plan: Raised Wood 534


Framing Plan 537


Support Drawings for Blu Residence 541


Chapter 16 Conceptual Design and Construction Documents for a Steel and Masonry Building (Theater) 549


Introduction 550


Conceptual Design: Site and Client Requirements 550


Design Development Punch List 550


Initial Schematic Studies 550


Site Plan 554


Foundation Plan 556


Ground–Floor Plan 557


Partial Floor Plan and Interior Elevations 560


Exterior Elevations 560


Building Sections 564


Roof Plan 575


Roof Framing Plan 577


Chapter 17 Madison Steel Building 597


Introduction 598


The Madison Office Building 598


Floor–plan Design Development Phase 603


Summary 625


Chapter 18 Tenant Improvements 627


Tenant Improvement Introduction 628


Existing Buildings 628


Existing Floor Level—Building A 628


Development of Working Drawings—Building B 630


Working Drawings 642


Index 653


Appendix A Survey of Regional Differences available online at www.wiley.com/go/wakita


Appendix B A Uniform System for Architectural Working Drawing available online at www.wiley.com/go/wakita


Abbreviations available online at www.wiley.com/go/wakita


PowerPoint presentations available online at www.wiley.com/go/wakita ??$