Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics

Constantine A. Balanis (born 1938) is a Greek born American scientist. Born in Trikala, Greece on October 29, 1938. He emigrated to the United States in 1955, where he studied Electrical Engineering. He received United States citizenship in 1960. Balanis received the Bachelor of Science degree from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, in 1964, the Master of Science degree from the University of Virginia, in 1966, and the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Electrical Engineering from Ohio State University, in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970 he was with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia and from 1970 to 1983 he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.

Preface xvii 1 Time-Varying and Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Maxwell's Equations 1

1.3 Constitutive Parameters and Relations 5

1.4 Circuit-Field Relations 7

1.5 Boundary Conditions 12

1.6 Power and Energy 18

1.7 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 21

1.8 Multimedia 29

2 Electrical Properties of Matter 39

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 Dielectrics, Polarization, and Permittivity 41

2.3 Magnetics, Magnetization, and Permeability 48

2.4 Current, Conductors, and Conductivity 55

2.5 Semiconductors 59

2.6 Superconductors 64

2.7 Matamaterials 66

2.8 Linear, Homogeneous, Isotropic, and Nondispersive Media 67

2.9 A.C. Variations in Materials 68

2.10 Multimedia 89

3 Wave Equation and its Solutions 99

3.1 Introduction 99

3.2 Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields 99

3.3 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 101

3.4 Solution to the Wave Equation 102

4 Wave Propagation and Polarization 123

4.1 Introduction 123

4.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes 123

4.3 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes in Lossy Media 138

4.4 Polarization 146

4.5 Multimedia 166

5 Reflection and Transmission 173

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Normal Incidence—Lossless Media 173

5.3 Oblique Incidence—Lossless Media 177

5.4 Lossy Media 198

5.5 Reflection and Transmission of Multiple Interfaces 205

5.6 Polarization Characteristics on Reflection 220

5.7 Metamaterials 227

5.8 Multimedia 245

6 Auxiliary Vector Potentials, Construction of Solutions, and Radiation and Scattering Equations 259

6.1 Introduction 259

6.2 The Vector Potential A 260

6.3 The Vector Potential F 262

6.4 The Vector Potentials A and F 263

6.5 Construction of Solutions 265

6.6 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 279

6.7 Far-Field Radiation 283

6.8 Radiation and Scattering Equations 284

6.9 Multimedia 305

7 Electromagnetic Theorems and Principles 311

7.1 Introduction 311

7.2 Duality Theorem 311

7.3 Uniqueness Theorem 313

7.4 Image Theory 315

7.5 Reciprocity Theorem 323

7.6 Reaction Theorem 325

7.7 Volume Equivalence Theorem 326

7.8 Surface Equivalence Theorem: Huygens'S Principle 328

7.9 Induction Theorem (Induction Equivalent) 333

7.10 Physical Equivalent and Physical Optics Equivalent 337

7.11 Induction and Physical Equivalent Approximations 339

7.12 Multimedia 344

8 Rectangular Cross-Section Waveguides and Cavities 351

8.1 Introduction 351

8.2 Rectangular Waveguide 352

8.3 Rectangular Resonant Cavities 382

8.4 Hybrid (LSE and LSM) Modes 390

8.5 Partially Filled Waveguide 393

8.6 Transverse Resonance Method 405

8.7 Dielectric Waveguide 408

8.8 Artificial Impedance Surfaces 436

8.9 Stripline and Microstrip Lines 455

8.10 Ridged Waveguide 466

8.11 Multimedia 470

9 Circular Cross-Section Waveguides and Cavities 483

9.1 Introduction 483

9.2 Circular Waveguide 483

9.3 Circular Cavity 500

9.4 Radial Waveguides 509

9.5 Dielectric Waveguides and Resonators 516

9.6 Multimedia 541

10 Spherical Transmission Lines and Cavities 549

10.1 Introduction 549

10.2 Construction of Solutions 549

10.3 Biconical Transmission Line 557

10.4 The Spherical Cavity 561

10.5 Multimedia 569

11 Scattering 575

11.1 Introduction 575

11.2 Infinite Line-Source Cylindrical Wave Radiation 575

11.3 Plane Wave Scattering by Planar Surfaces 583

11.4 Cylindrical Wave Transformations and Theorems 599

11.5 Scattering by Circular Cylinders 607

11.6 Scattering By a Conducting Wedge 640

11.7 Spherical Wave Orthogonalities, Transformations, and Theorems 650

11.8 Scattering by a Sphere 655

11.9 Multimedia 665

12 Integral Equations and the Moment Method 679

12.1 Introduction 679

12.2 Integral Equation Method 679

12.3 Electric and Magnetic Field Integral Equations 703

12.4 Finite Diameter Wires 723

12.5 Computer Codes 732

12.6 Multimedia 735

13 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 741

13.1 Introduction 741

13.2 Geometrical Optics 742

13.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction: Edge Diffraction 761

13.4 Computer Codes 829

13.5 Multimedia 831

14 Diffraction by Wedge with Impedance Surfaces 849

14.1 Introduction 849

14.2 Impedance Surface Boundary Conditions 850

14.3 Impedance Surface Reflection Coefficients 851

14.4 The Maliuzhinets Impedance Wedge Solution 854

14.5 Geometrical Optics 856

14.6 Surface Wave Terms 864

14.7 Diffracted Fields 867

14.8 Surface Wave Transition Field 874

14.9 Computations 875

14.10 Multimedia 878

15 Green's Functions 885

15.1 Introduction 885

15.2 Green's Functions in Engineering 886

15.3 Sturm–Liouville Problems 891

15.4 Two-Dimensional Green's Function in Rectangular Coordinates 908

15.5 Green's Identities and Methods 919

15.6 Green's Functions of the Scalar Helmholtz Equation 925

15.7 Dyadic Green's Functions 938

15.8 Multimedia 941

References 941

Problems 942

Appendix I: Identities 947

Appendix II: Vector Analysis 951

Appendix III: Fresnel Integrals 961

Appendix IV: Bessel Functions 967

Appendix V: Legendre Polynomials and Functions 981

Appendix VI: The Method of Steepest Descent (Saddle-Point Method) 997

Index 1003