Nuclear Energy

?The Author
Part I Basic Concept
Chapter 1 Energy and States of Matter
1.1 Forces and Energy
1.2 Thermal Energy
1.3 Radiant Energy
1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy
1.5 Energy and the World
1.6 Summary
1.7 Problems
Chapter 2 Atoms and Nuclei
2.1 Atomic Theory
2.2 Gases
2.3 The Atom and Light
2.4 Nuclear Structure
2.5 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei
2.6 Binding Energy
2.7 Summary
2.8 Problems
Chapter 3 Radioactivity
3.1 Natural Radioactivity
3.2 The Decay Law
3.3 Measurement of Half-Life
3.4 Summary
3.5 Problems
Chapter 4 Nuclear Reactions
4.1 Analogies between Nuclear and Chemical Reactions
4.2 Nuclear Transmutation
4.3 Neutron Reactions
4.4 Energy Balances
4.5 Momentum Conservation
4.6 General Concepts of Nuclear Reactions
4.7 Summary
4.8 Problems
Chapter 5 Reaction Rates
5.1 Cross Sections for Particle Interaction
5.2 Particle Attenuation
5.3 Neutron Cross Sections
5.4 Neutron Slowing
5.5 Neutron Diffusion
5.6 Summary
5.7 Problems
Chapter 6 Radiation and Materials
6.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons
6.2 Heavy Charged Particle Slowing by Atoms
6.3 Heavy Charged Particle Scattering by Nuclei
6.4 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter
6.5 Neutron Reactions
6.6 Summary
6.7 Problems
Chapter 7 Fission
7.1 The Fission Process
7.2 Energy Considerations
7.3 Byproducts of Fission
7.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels
7.5 Summary
7.6 Problems
Chapter 8 Fusion
8.1 Fusion Reactions
8.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces
8.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in Ionic Plasma
8.4 Summary
8.5 Problems
Part II Nuclear Systems
Chapter 9 Particles Accelerators
9.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces
9.2 High-Voltage Machines
9.3 Linear Accelerator
9.4 Cyclotron
9.5 Betatron
9.6 New Developments
9.7 Summary
9.8 Problems
Chapter 10 Isotope Separators
10.1 Mass Spectrograph
10.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator
10.3 Uranium Enrichment Costs
10.4 Gas Centrifuge
10.5 Laser Isotope Separation
10.6 Separation of Deuterium
10.7 Summary
10.8 Problems
Chapter 11 Radiation Detectors
11.1 Gas Counters
11.2 Neutron Detectors
11.3 Scintillation Counters
11.4 Solid-State Detectors
11.5 Summary
11.6 Problems
Chapter 12 Neutron Chain Reactions
12.1 The Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction
12.2 Multiplication Factors
12.3 Neutron Balances
12.4 Reactor Power
12.5 Multiplication in a Thermal Reactor
12.6 Summary
12.7 Problems
Chapter 13 Nuclear Reactor Concepts
13.1 Reactor Classification
13.2 Power Reactors
13.3 Consumption of Nuclear Fuels
13.4 Reactor Control
13.5 Other Effects on Reactor Operation
13.6 The Natural Reactor
13.7 Summary
13.8 Problems
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion Methods
14.1 Methods of Heat Transmission
14.2 Conduction in Reactor Fuel
14.3 Heat Removal by Coolant
14.4 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production
14.5 Summary
14.6 Problems
Chapter 15 Breeder Reactors
15.1 The Concept of Breeding
15.2 The Fast Breeder Reactor
15.3 Breeding and Uranium Resources
15.4 Summary
15.5 Problems
Chapter 16 Fusion Reactors
16.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions
16.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors
16.3 Fusion Devices
16.4 Laser and Particle Beam Fusion
16.5 Hybrid Fission-Fusion Reactor
16.6 Summary
16.7 Problems
Part III Nuclear Energy and Man
Chapter 17 The History of Nuclear Energy
17.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics
17.2 The Discovery of Fission
17.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons
17.4 Peaceful Application of Nuclear Energy
17.5 Summary
Chapter 18 Biological Effects of Radiation
18.1 Physiological Effects
18.2 Radiation Dosage Units
18.3 Establishment of Limits of Exposure
18.4 Summary
18.5 Problems
Chapter 19 Radiation Protection and Control
19.1 Protective Measures
19.2 Energy Deposition
19.3 Effect of Distance
19.4 Shielding
19.5 Internal Exposure
19.6 Radiation Damage
19.7 Summary
19.8 Problems
Chapter 20 Reactor Safety
20.1 Neutron Population Growth
20.2 Temperature Effects
20.3 Safety through Design, Fabrication and Operation
20.4 Standards, Quality Assurance, Licensing, and Regulation
20.5 Emergency Core Cooling
20.6 Three Mile Island
20.7 Philosophy of Safety
20.8 Summary
20.9 Problems
Chapter 21 Radioactive Waste Processing and Disposal
21.1 Amounts of Fission Products
21.2 Fuel Handling
21.3 Transportation
21.4 Reprocessing
21.5 Waste Storage and Disposal
21.6 Summary
21.7 Problems
Chapter 22 Beneficial Uses of Isotopes
22.1 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes
22.2 Tracer Techniques
22.3 Neutron Activation Analysis
22.4 Application of Activation Analysis
22.5 Gaging
22.6 Dating
22.7 Applications of Wastes
22.8 Summary
22.9 Problems
Chapter 23 Applications of Radiation
23.1 Radiography
23.2 Medical Treatment
23.3 Pathogen Reduction
23.4 Fiber Improvement
23.5 Synthesis of Chemicals
23.6 Wood Plastic Processing
23.7 Radiation Preservation of Food
23.8 Crop Mutations
23.9 Insect Control
23.10 Isotopic Power Generators
23.11 Summary
23.12 Problems
Chapter 24 Nuclear Explosives
24.1 The Nuclear Explosion
24.2 Nonproliferation
24.3 Safeguards
24.4 Potential Civil Engineering Applications
24.5 Natural Gas Stimulation
24.6 Nuclear Excavation
24.7 Extraction of Oil, Minerals, and Heat
24.8 Summary
24.9 Problems
Chapter 25 Alternative Nuclear Power Systems
25.1 The Role of Options
25.2 Alternative Fuel Cycles
25.3 Thorium Reactors
25.4 Nuclear Centers
25.5 Offshore and Underground Nuclear Plants
25.6 Accelerator-Breeders
25.7 Summary
25.8 Problems
Chapter 26 Thermal Effects and the Environment
26.1 Thermal Efficiency
26.2 Heat Rejection Methods
26.3 Biological Effects of Heated Water
26.4 Beneficial Uses of Waste Heat
26.5 Summary
26.6 Problems
Chapter 27 Energy and Resources
27.1 Trends in Energy Consumption
27.2 Alternative Sources of Energy
27.3 The Role of Nuclear Energy
27.4 The Future
27.5 Summary
27.6 Problems
Appendix Selected References
Conversion Factors
Atomic and Nuclear Data
Answers to Problems
Index
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