Handbook of Superconductivity

Professor David Cardwell, FREng, is Professor of Superconducting Engineering and Pro-Vice-Chancellor responsible for Strategy and Planning at the University of Cambridge. He was Head of the Engineering Department between 2014 and 2018. Prof. Cardwell, who established the Bulk Superconductor research group at Cambridge in 1992, has a world-wide reputation on the processing and applications of bulk high temperature superconductors. He was a founder member of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity (ESAS) in 1998 and has served as a Board member and Treasurer of the Society for the past 12 years. He is an active board member of three international journals, including Superconductor Science and Technology, and has authored over 380 technical papers and patents in the field of bulk superconductivity since 1987. He has given invited presentations at over 70 international conferences and collaborates widely around the world with academic institutes and industry. Prof. Cardwell was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2012 in recognition of his contribution to the development of superconducting materials for engineering applications. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Hong Kong. He was awarded a Sc.D. by the University of Cambridge in 2014 and an honorary D.Sc. by the University of Warwick in 2015. Professor David Larbalestier is Krafft Professor of Superconducting Materials at Florida State University and Chief Materials Scientist at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He was for many years Director of the Applied Superconductivity Center, first at the University of Wisconsin in Madison (1991-2006) before moving the Center to the NHMFL at Florida State University, stepping down as Director in 2018. He has been deeply interested in understanding superconducting materials that are or potentially useful as conductors and made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of Nb-Ti alloys, Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7-, Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox, (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox, MgB2 and the Fe-based compounds. Fabrication of high field test magnets has always been an interest, starting with the first high field filamentary Nb3Sn magnets while at Rutherford Laboratory and more recently the world’s highest field DC magnet (45.5 T using a 14.5 T REBCO insert inside a 31 T resistive magnet). These works are described in ~490 papers written in partnership with more than 70 PhD students and postdocs, as well as other collaborators. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 and is a Fellow of the APS, IOP, IEEE, MRS and AAAS. He received his B.Sc. (1965) and Ph.D. (1970) degrees from Imperial College at the University of London and taught at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1976-2006. Professor Alex Braginski is retired Director of a former Superconducting Electronics Institute at the Research Center Jülich (FZJ), retired Professor of Physics at the University of Wuppertal, both in Germany, and currently a guest researcher at FZJ. He received his doctoral and D.Sc. degrees in Poland, where in early 1950s he pioneered the development of ferrite technology and subsequently their industrial manufacturing, for which he received a Polish National Prize. He headed the Polfer Research Laboratory there until leaving Poland in 1966. At the Westinghouse R&D Center in Pittsburgh, PA, USA, he then in turn managed magnetics, superconducting materials and superconducting electronics groups until retiring in 1989. Personally contributed there to technology of thin-film Nb3Ge conductors and Josephson junctions (JJs), both A15 and high-Tc, also epitaxial. Invited by FZJ, he joined it and contributed to development of high-Tc JJs and RF SQUIDs. After retiring in 1989, was Vice President R&D at Cardiomag Imaging, Inc. in Schenectady, NY, USA, 2000-2002. Co-edited and co-authored The SQUID Handbook, 2004-2006, several book chapters, and authored or co-authored well over 200 journal publications and 17 patents. He founded and served as Editor of the IEEE CSC Superconductivity News Forum (SNF), 2007-2017. Is Fellow of IEEE and APS, and recipient of the IEEE CSC Award for Continuing and Significant Contributions in the Field of Applied Superconductivity, 2006.

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Editors-in-Chief. Contributors. Volume 1 – Fundamentals and Materials. Part A Fundamentals of Superconductivity. A1 Introduction to Section A1: History, Mechanisms and Materials. A1.1 Historical Development of Superconductivity. A1.2 An Introduction to Superconductivity. A1.3 The Polaronic Basis for High-Temperature Superconductivity. A2 Introduction to Section A2: Fundamental Properties. A2.1 Phenomenological Theories. A2.2 Microscopic Theory. A2.3 Normal-State Metallic Behavior in Contrast to Superconductivity: An Introduction. A2.4 The Meissner–Ochsenfeld Effect. A2.5 Loss of Superconductivity in Magnetic Fields. A2.6 High-Frequency Electromagnetic Properties. A2.7 Flux Quantization. A2.8 Josephson Effects. A2.9 Other Josephson-Related Phenomena. A3 Introduction to Section A3: Critical Currents of Type II Superconductors. A3.1 Vortices and Their Interaction. A3.2 Flux Pinning. Part B Low-Temperature Superconductors. B Introduction to Section B: Low-Temperature Superconductors. B1 Nb-Based Superconductors. B2 Magnesium Diboride. B3 Chevrel Phases. Part C High-Temperature Superconductors. C Introduction to Section C: High-Temperature Superconductors. C1 YBCO. C2 Bismuth-Based Superconductors. C3 TIBCCO. C4 HgBCCO. C5 Iron-Based Superconductors. C6 Hydrides. Part D Other Superconductors. D Introduction to Section D: Other Superconductors. D1 Unconventional Superconductivity in Heavy Fermion and Ruthenate Materials. D2 Organic Superconductors. D3 Fullerene Superconductors. D4 Future High-Tc Superconductors. D5 Fe-Based Chalcogenide Superconductors. D6 Interface Superconductivity. D7 Topological Superconductivity. Volume 2 – Processing and Cryogenics. PART E Processing. E1 Introduction to Processing Methods. E2 Introduction to Section E2: Bulk Materials. E2.1 Introduction to Bulk Firing Techniques. E2.2 (RE)BCO Melt Processing Techniques: Fundamentals of the Melt Process. E2.3 Melt Processing Techniques: Melt Processing for BSCCO. E2.4 Growth of Superconducting Single Crystals. E2.5 Growth of A15 Type Single Crystals and Polycrystals and Their Physical Properties. E2.6 Irradiation. E2.7 Superconductors in Future Accelerators: Irradiation Problems. E3 Introduction to Section E3: Processing of Wires and Tapes. E3.1 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi-2212. E3.2 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi,Pb(2223). E3.3 Highlights on Tl(1223). E3.4 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound YBCO. E3.5 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Hg(1223). E3.6 Overview of High Field LTS Materials (Without Nb3Sn). E3.7 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Alloy Nb–Ti. E3.8 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Sn. E3.9 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Al. E3.10 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compounds PbMo6S8 and SnMo6S8. E3.11 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound MgB2. E3.12 Processing Pnictide Superconductors. E4 Introduction to Section E4: Thick and Thin Films. E4.1 Substrates and Functional Buffer Layers. E4.2 Physical Vapor Thin-Film Deposition Techniques. E4.3 Chemical Deposition Processes for REBa2Cu3O7 Coated Conductors. E4.4 High Temperature Superconductor Films: Processing Techniques. E4.5 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: Low-Tc. E4.6 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: High-Tc. E5 Introduction to Section E5: Superconductor Contacts. E5.1 Superconductor to Normal-Metal Contacts. E5.2 Resistive High Current Splices. E5.3 Persistent Mode Joints. PART F Refrigeration Methods. F1 Introduction to Part F: Refrigeration Methods. F1.1 Review of Refrigeration Methods. F1.2 Pulse Tube Cryocoolers. F1.3 Gifford–McMahon Cryocoolers. F1.4 Microcooling. F1.5 Cooling with Liquid Helium. Volume 3 – Characterization and Applications. Part G Characterization and Modelling Techniques. G1 Introduction to Section G1: Structure/Microstructure. G1.1 X-Ray Studies: Chemical Crystallography. G1.2 X-Ray Studies: Phase Transformations and Microstructure Changes. G1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy. G1.4 An Introduction to Digital Image Analysis of Superconductors. G1.5 Optical Microscopy. G1.6 Neutron Techniques: Flux-Line Lattice. G2 Introduction to Section G2: Measurement and Interpretation of Electromagnetic Properties. G2.1 Electromagnetic Properties of Superconductors. G2.2 Numerical Models of the Electromagnetic Behavior of Superconductors. G2.3 DC Transport Critical Currents. G2.4 Characterisation of the Transport Critical Current Density for Conductor Applications. G2.5 Magnetic Measurements of Critical Current Density, Pinning, and Flux Creep. G2.6 AC Susceptibility. G2.7 AC Losses in Superconducting Materials, Wires, and Tapes. G2.8 Characterization of Superconductor Magnetic Properties in Crossed Magnetic Fields. G2.9 Microwave Impedance. G2.10 Local Probes of Magnetic Field Distribution. G2.11 Some Unusual and Systematic Properties of Hole-Doped Cuprates in the Normal and Superconducting States. G3 Introduction to Section G3: Thermal, Mechanical, and Other Properties. G3.1 Thermal Properties: Specific Heat. G3.2 Thermal Properties: Thermal Conductivity. G3.3 Thermal Properties: Thermal Expansion. G3.4 Mechanical Properties. G3.5 Magneto-Optical Characterization Techniques. Part H Applications. H1 Introduction to Large Scale Applications. H1.1 Electromagnet Fundamentals. H1.2 Superconducting Magnet Design. H1.3 MRI Magnets. H1.4 High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads. H1.5 Cables. H1.6 AC and DC Power Transmission. H1.7 Fault-Current Limiters. H1.8 Energy Storage. H1.9 Transformers. H1.10 Electrical Machines Using HTS Conductors. H1.11 Electrical Machines Using Bulk HTS. H1.12 Homopolar Motors. H1.13 Magnetic Separation. H1.14 Superconducting Radiofrequency Cavities. H2 Introduction to Section H2: High-Frequency Devices. H2.1 Microwave Resonators and Filters. H2.2 Transmission Lines. H2.3 Antennae. H3 Introduction to Section H3: Josephson Junction Devices. H3.1 Josephson Effects. H3.2 SQUIDs. H3.3 Biomagnetism. H3.4 Nondestructive Evaluation. H3.5 Digital Electronics. H3.6 Superconducting Analog-to-Digital Converters. H3.7 Superconducting Qubits. H4 Introduction to Radiation and Particle Detectors that Use Superconductivity. H4.1 Superconducting Tunnel Junction Radiation Detectors. H4.2 Transition-Edge Sensors. H4.3 Superconducting Materials for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors. H4.4 Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters. H4.5 Optical Detectors and Sensors. H4.6 Low-Noise Superconducting Mixers for the Terahertz Frequency Range. H4.7 Applications: Metrology. Glossary. Index.