Principles of Waveform Diversity and Design

Michael Wicks is the Senior Scientist for Sensor Signal Processing, Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, N.Y. His technical expertise encompasses space-time adaptive processing, advanced algorithm development, and ultra-wideband radar. His expertise includes polarimetric sensor signal processing, inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging, knowledge-base applications to radar signal processing, concealed weapons detection, ground-penetrating radar, bistatic radar, and radar systems engineering. Dr. Wicks holds 14 U.S. patents (with a 15th patent pending), and has authored or coauthored two books, several book chapters, and over 300 journal, conference, and technical papers. Eric Mokole is Head of the Surveillance Technology Brand, Radar Division, at the Naval Research Laboratory where he has worked since 1986. He has led efforts at NRL on space radar (trans-ionospheric propagation), ultrawideband radar (antennas, propagation, mine detection, sea scatter, impulse radar), and waveform diversity (spectrally clean waveforms, dynamic waveform diversity, adaptive pulse compression, electronic protection). He has over 70 conference publications, journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has been the lead editor, coeditor, and coauthor on multiple books. Shannon Blunt is a member of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Kansas, affiliated with the Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Lab. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 2002 and then served with the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory until 2005. His research emphasizes the use of waveform diversity techniques for signal processing and system design for radar and communications as well as biomedical imaging. He is an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Aerospace & Electronic Systems and is a member of the editorial board for IET Radar, Sonar, & Navigation. Richard Schneible has worked in the fields of RF propagation, radar systems, and radar signal processing at the Air Force Research Laboratory Rome Research Site for 35 years and has worked at Stiefvater Consultants since 1999 in these same areas. In the 1980s he was program manager for DARPA and SDIO programs addressing SBR technology issues. In the 1990s his focus was on multiple-channel adaptive processing for mono-static and bi-static look down radars (airborne, space-based). He was one of the organizers of the International Conferences on Waveform Diversity and Design and served as chairman of the Signal Processing Panel of the AFRL IPT on SBR and of the RF Experiments Panel of a tri-national SBR program. Vincent Amuso is currently an Associate Professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology where he served as Department Head before returning to a research and teaching focus. He has worked extensively in industry with GE, Lockheed Martin, and Sensis Corp. in airborne & ground based radar systems and infrared launch detection systems.

Introduction: A Short History of Waveform Diversity
Section A: Waveform Diversity Paradigms

Chapter 1: Diversity Strategies: Lessons from Natural Systems
Chapter 2: Distributed and Layered Sensing
Chapter 3: Waveform Diversity and Sensors as Robots in Advanced Military Systems
Chapter 4: Implications of Diversity from a Sensing Point of View



Section B: Applications

Part I: Multi-mission Systems

Chapter 5: An Evolutionary Algorithm Approach to Simultaneous Multi-Mission Radar Waveform Design
Chapter 6: Interlacing of Non-Uniform Doppler Waveforms and Metric Space Geometry of Negative Curvature
Chapter 7: Evolutionary Algorithms Based Sparse Spectrum Waveform Optimization
Chapter 8: Intra-Pulse Radar-Embedded Communications
Chapter 9: Waveform Design for Joint Digital Beamforming Radar and MIMO Communications Operability
Chapter 10: A Transform Domain Communication and Jamming Waveform
Chapter 11: Optimal Space-Time Transmit Signals for Multi-Mode Radar



Part II: Long-Range Active Sensing

Chapter 12: Waveform Diversity and Adaptive Signal Processing to Improve SBR GMTI Performance Degraded by MEO Antenna Mechanical Distortions
Chapter 13: Multidimensional Waveform Encoding for Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing
Chapter 14: Time Reversed Over-The-Horizon Radar
Chapter 15: Issues with Orthogonal Waveform Use in MIMO HF OTH Radars



Part III: Distributed Aperture Sensing

Chapter 16: Waveform Diversity and Signal Processing Strategies in Multistatic Radar Systems
Chapter 17: A Framework for Optimal Code Design for MIMO Radar
Chapter 18: Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Frequency-Diverse Distributed Aperture Radars
Chapter 19: A Novel Waveform Diversity Model for Distributed Aperture Radars with Consideration on Environment Non-Stationarity
Chapter 20: Waveform Concepts and Design for Weather Radar Network
Chapter 21: Waveform Time-Frequency Characterization for Dynamically Configured Sensor Systems
Chapter 22: The Role of Coherence in Waveform Design
Chapter 23: Image Formation and Waveform Design for Distributed Apertures in Multipath via Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
Chapter 24: Characterization of Diversity Approaches for LFM Stretch-Processed Waveforms
Chapter 25: Multi-Waveform Active Sonar Tracking
Chapter 26: A Comparison of Algorithms for MIMO and Netted Radar Systems



Part IV: Distributed Aperture Communications

Chapter 27: Coherent Initialization Methods for Adaptive MIMO Equalizers
Chapter 28: MIMO Communications Using Offset Modulations
Chapter 29: Hybrid Acquisition of PN Codes Using Order Statistics-Based Detection and Antenna Diversity
Chapter 30: Improved Space-Time Coding for Multiple Antenna Multicasting
Chapter 31: Multi-Beam Free-Space Optical Link Using Space-Time Coding



Part V: Remote Sensing

Chapter 32: Ultra Narrow Band Adaptive Tomographic Algorithm Applied to Measured Continuous Waveform Radar Data
Chapter 33: Ultrasound Speckle Reduction in the Complex Wavelet Domain
Chapter 34: System-on-Chip RF Sensors for Life and Geo Sciences



Part VI: Spectrum Management

Chapter 35: Spectral Sharing with Radar
Chapter 36: Improving Spectrum Use While Maintaining Legacy Compatibility
Chapter 37: Advanced Waveforms for Software Defined Radar (SDR) to Suppress Interfering Channels and Provide Isolation Control
Chapter 38: Spectrally Confined Waveforms for Solid-State Transmit Modules
Chapter 39: Non-Interference Limited Multi-Radar Target Detection and Tracking
Chapter 40: Waveform Diversity for Adaptive Radar - An Expert System Approach
Chapter 41: Electromagnetic Compatibility and Spectrally Cleaner Waveforms
Chapter 42: Knowledge Base Technologies for Waveform Diversity and Electromagnetic Compatibility






Section C: Waveform Design

Part I: Novel Waveforms

Chapter 43: Improved Waveforms for Satellite-Borne Precipitation Radar
Chapter 44: Hyperband Radar Waveforms
Chapter 45: Details of the Signal Processing, Simulations and Results from the Norwegian Multistatic Radar DiMuRa
Chapter 46: Orthogonal Waveforms for High Resolution Range-Doppler Target Reflectivity Estimation
Chapter 47: Noise MIMO Radar
Chapter 48: Nonlinear Complementary Waveform Sets for Clutter Suppression
Chapter 49: Continuous Coded Waveforms for Noise Radar
Chapter 50: Examples of Ultrawideband Definitions and Waveforms
Chapter 51: Novel Pulse-Sequences Design Enables Multi-User Collision-Avoidance Vehicular Radar
Chapter 52: Interactive Least-Squares Costas Waveforms
Chapter 53: Complementary Waveforms for Sidelobe Suppression and Radar Polarimetry
Chapter 54: Frequency-Coded Signals with Low Sidelobes in Central Zone of Autocorrelation Function



Part II: Chaotic Waveforms

Chapter 55: Chaotic Waveforms
Chapter 56: Chaotic Waveform Diversity and Design: Part I - Motivation
Chapter 57: Chaotic Waveform Diversity and Design: Part II - Covert Communications
Chapter 58: Chaotic Waveform Diversity and Design: Part III - Receiver Synchronization
Chapter 59: Radar Signal Analysis and Design Using Frequency Modulation of Chaotic Signals



Part III: Imaging Waveforms

Chapter 60: Sparse Stepped-Frequency Waveform Design for Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging
Chapter 61: Iterative Technique for System Identification with Adaptive Signal Design
Chapter 62: Investigation of Non-Traditional Transmit Waveforms for SAR-Based Target Detection
Chapter 63: Time-Reversal Waveform Preconditioning for Clutter Rejection



Part IV: Communications

Chapter 64: Pulse Shapes with Reduced Interference via Optimal Band-Limited Functions
Chapter 65: Waveform Design and Diversity for Shallow Water Environments
Chapter 66: Capacity Analysis of Spectrally Overlapping Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Channels
Chapter 67: Coexistent Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded (SMSE) Waveform Design Using Optimization Techniques
Chapter 68: Low-Complexity EPS Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM with No Transmission of Side Information
Chapter 69: UWB-IR Interference Mitigation from Wideband IEEE 802.11a Source Using Frequency Selective Wavelet Packets
Chapter 70: Non-Binary Spread Spectrum Signals with Good Delay-Tracking Features for Satellite Positioning
Chapter 71: Overlay/Underlay Waveform Design for Enhancing Spectrum Efficiency in Cognitive Radio
Chapter 72: Frequency Hopping Waveform Diversity for Time Delay Estimation
Chapter 73: Robust Frequency Offset Estimation in OFDM Systems



Part V: Matched Illumination

Chapter 74: Waveform Design for Target Class Discrimination with Closed-Loop Radar
Chapter 75: Optimal Signal and Jamming Dynamics Embracing Digital Filter Strictures
Chapter 76: Information Theoretic Waveform Design for Tracking Multiple Targets Using Phased Array Radars
Chapter 77: Polarization Diversity for Detecting Targets in Heavy Inhomogeneous Clutter
Chapter 78: Ambiguity Function Analysis of Adaptive Colored-Noise Radar Waveforms
Chapter 79: Matched Terrain Processing: Possibilities for Waveform Diversity Design