Nuclear Systems Volume I

Dr. Neil Todreas is professor emeritus at MIT. He has extensive nuclear power experience, having led an industry review group on the Three Mile Island situation from 1983-1988 and served on the NRC's Reactor Safety Research Committee. In addition to his part-time teaching and research, Dr. Todreas continues to be a leading consultant to industry and government. He is a Fellow at the ASME and a member of the national academy of engineering. Dr. Mujid Kazimi is a professor and former head of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at MIT. He also has extensive nuclear power experience, having served on the Board of Managers of the Idaho National Energy Laboratory. He is also a Fellow at the American Nuclear Society and the AAAS, and a member of the AIChE, ASME and ASEE. Dr. Kazimi has been involved with several nuclear safety studies throughout his career, covering reactor systems, as well as their fuel cycles.

Principal Characteristics of Power Reactors
Introduction
Power Cycles
Primary Coolant Systems
Reactor Cores
Fuel Assemblies
Advanced Water- and Gas-Cooled Reactors (Generation III And III+)
Advanced Thermal and Fast Neutron Spectrum Reactors (Generation IV)
References
Problems

Thermal Design Principles and Application
Introduction
Overall Plant Characteristics Influenced by Thermal Hydraulic Considerations
Energy Production and Transfer Parameters
Thermal Design Limits
Thermal Design Margin
Figures of Merit for Core Thermal Performance
The Inverted Fuel Array
The Equivalent Annulus Approximation
References
Problems

Reactor Energy Distribution
Introduction
Energy Generation and Deposition
Fission Power and Calorimetric (Core Thermal) Power
Power Profiles in Reactor Cores
Energy Generation Rate within a Fuel Pin
Energy Deposition Rate within The Moderator
Shutdown Energy Generation Rate
Stored Energy Sources
References
Problems

Transport Equations for Single-Phase Flow
Introduction
Mathematical Relations
Lumped Parameter Integral Approach
Distributed Parameter Integral Approach
Differential Conservation Equations
Turbulent Flow
References
Problems

Transport Equations for Two-Phase Flow
Introduction
Averaging Operators for Two-Phase Flow
Volume-Averaged Properties
Area-Averaged Properties
Mixture Equations for One-Dimensional Flow
Control-Volume Integral Transport Equations
One-Dimensional Space-Averaged Transport Equations
References
Problems



Thermodynamics of Nuclear Energy Conversion Systems: Nonflow and Steady Flow: First and Second Law Applications
Introduction
Nonflow Process
Thermodynamic Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Simplified Pwr System
More Complex Rankine Cycles: Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, and Moisture Separation
Simple Brayton Cycle
More Complex Brayton Cycles
Reference
Problems

Thermodynamics of Nuclear Energy Conversion Systems: Nonsteady Flow First Law Analysis
Introduction
Containment Pressurization Process
Response of a PWR Pressurizer to Load Changes
References
Problems



Thermal Analysis of Fuel Elements
Introduction
Heat Conduction in Fuel Elements
Thermal Properties of UO2 and MOx
Temperature Distribution in Plate Fuel Elements
Temperature Distribution in Cylindrical Fuel Pins
Temperature Distribution in Restructured Fuel Elements
Thermal Resistance Between Fuel and Coolant
References
Problems

Single-Phase Fluid Mechanics
Approach to Simplified Flow Analysis
Inviscid Flow
Viscous Flow
Laminar Flow Inside a Channel
Turbulent Flow Inside a Channel
Pressure Drop in Rod Bundles
References
Problems

Single-Phase Heat Transfer
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Analysis
Laminar Heat Transfer in a Pipe
Turbulent Heat Transfer: Mixing Length Approach
Turbulent Heat Transfer: Differential Approach
Heat Transfer Correlations in Turbulent Flow
References
Problems

Two-Phase Flow Dynamics
Introduction
Flow Regimes
Flow Models
Overview of Void Fraction and Pressure Loss Correlations
Void Fraction Correlations
Pressure-Drop Relations
Critical Flow
References
Problems

Pool Boiling
Introduction
Nucleation
The Pool Boiling Curve
Heat Transfer Regimes
Surface Effects in Pool Boiling
Condensation Heat Transfer
References
Problems

Flow Boiling
Introduction
Heat Transfer Regions and Void Fraction/Quality Development
Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations
Critical Condition or Boiling Crisis
References
Problems

Single Heated Channel: Steady-State Analysis
Introduction
Formulation of One-Dimensional Flow Equations
Delineation of Behavior Modes
The Lwr Cases Analyzed in Subsequent Sections
Steady-State Single-Phase Flow in a Heated Channel
Steady-State Two-Phase Flow in a Heated Channel Under Fully Equilibrium (Thermal and Mechanical) Conditions
Steady-State Two-Phase Flow in a Heated Channel Under Nonequilbrium Conditions
References
Problems

APPENDICES
Appendix A: NOMENCLATURE
Appendix B: PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS
Appendix C: UNIT SYSTEMS
Appendix D: MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Appendix E: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Appendix F: THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SUBSTANCES
Appendix G: DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS OF FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Appendix H: MULTIPLYING PREFIXES
Appendix I: LIST OF ELEMENTS
Appendix J: SQUARE AND HEXAGONAL ARRAY DIMENSIONS
Appendix K PARAMETERS FOR TYPICAL PWR AND BWR-5 REACTORS