Maritime Security Law in Hybrid Warfare

Alexander Lott (Ph.D.) is a researcher at the Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea (UiT) and the University of Tartu. He is the author of the books Hybrid Threats and the Law of the Sea (Brill, 2022) and The Estonian Straits (Brill, 2018).

Foreword

 James Kraska

List of Illustrations

List of Abbreviations

Notes on Contributors

Table of Cases

Table of Treaties



Introduction

 Alexander Lott



PART 1: Hybrid Warfare through the Lens of Maritime Security Law



1 Towards a Definition of Hybrid Warfare

 Stuart Casey-Maslen, Arne Willy Dahl, Sofia Galani and Alexander Lott

2 The Use of Force in Self-Defence and the Taking of Countermeasures in Response to Maritime Hybrid Warfare under International Law

 Stuart Casey-Maslen

3 The Concept of Military Activities in the Law of the Sea and Its Implications for the Baltic Sea in a Context of Growing Threats of Hybrid Warfare

 Pierre Thévenin

4 Use of Force in Hybrid Naval Warfare Contexts: Applicability of the Law Enforcement or Conduct of Hostilities Rules?

 Anna Petrig



PART 2: The Legal Resilience of Critical Offshore Infrastructure to Hybrid Warfare



5 The Protection of Critical Undersea Infrastructure within and beyond the Limits of the Territorial Sea under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello

 Alexander Lott

6 Sabotage of Critical Offshore Infrastructure: a Case Study of the Balticconnector Incident

 Henrik Ringbom and Alexander Lott

7 The Nord Stream Pipelines from the Viewpoint of Law and Geopolitics

 Timo Koivurova and Theresa Winkel



PART 3: Hybrid Threats to International Navigation



8 The Emerging ‘Shadow Fleet’ as a Maritime Security and Ocean Governance Challenge

 Iva Parlov and Ulf Sverdrup

9 The Instrumentalization of Migration as a Hybrid Threat against the EU: Can Human Rights Become ‘Hybrid’ Too?

 Sofia Galani

10 Naval Blockade of Ukraine’s Black Sea Ports in the Light of International Law

 Dariusz Rafał Bugajski

11 The Montreux Convention and the Ongoing Armed Conflict between Russia and Ukraine

 Magne Frostad

12 Responding to Hybrid Threats in the Japanese Straits

 Shin Kawagishi

Concluding Observations on the Nature of Hybrid Warfare at Sea and Its Implications to the Safety of Offshore Infrastructure and International Navigation

 Alexander Lott



Index