Knowledge Communities and the Social and Discursive Construction of Bandung as a Creative City

Abstract vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xix
Abbreviations xxi
Glossary of Terms xxv
Prologue xxix

Chapter 1
Introduction: The Right to the ‘Creative City’ 1
1.1 The Hype around the ‘Creative City’ 1
1.2 Contextual Background: Bandung 5
1.3 Research Objective 8
1.4 Outline of the Book 11

Chapter 2
Discourses of the Creative City Concept and Knowledge Community 15
2.1 Discourses around the ‘Creative City’ 16
2.1.1 Creative Urban Planning 18
2.1.2 Creative Economy and Industry 21
2.1.3 Cultural Production and Policy 24
2.1.4 Critiques on the Creative City Concept 27
2.2 Conceptual Discussion around ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Knowledge Community’ 31
2.2.1 Community of Practice, Knowledge Society, and Knowledge Community 31
2.2.2 Knowledge Sharing 35
2.2.3 Local Knowledge and bottom-up Urban Development 40
2.3 Current Research Position 42

Chapter 3
Research Design and Operationalization 51
3.1 Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) 51
3.2 Conceptual Framework 54
3.3 Positionality 57
3.4 Data Compilation and Analysis 59

Chapter 4
Repertoire of Creativity in Bandung 67
4.1 Creativity and the Entertainment Culture 68
4.2 Creativity and the Intellectual Inquiries 73
4.3 Creativity and the Struggle to Survive 76
4.4 Creativity, Counter-culture, and Entrepreneurialism 83
4.5 Concluding Discussion 88

Chapter 5
Knowledge Communities in Bandung 91
5.1 Typology of Komunitas and Knowledge Community 92
5.2 The Emergence of Knowledge Communities 95
5.3 Knowledge sharing: Energy, Empathy, Literacy 99
5.3.1 Knowledge sharing 99
5.3.2 Energy, Empathy, Literacy 107
5.4 The Characteristics of Knowledge Communities 115
5.4.1 Common Interest 115
5.4.2 Common Space 117
5.4.3 Independence 120
5.4.4 Friendship-based Network 122
5.4.5 Diversity 123
5.5 Concluding Discussion 128

Chapter 6
Bandung as a Creative City 131
6.1 Adoption of the Creative City Concept in Bandung 132
6.2 The Creative Mayor 145
6.3 Creative City as an Economic Driver 151
6.3.1 Alignment with National Strategy of Creative Economy Development 151
6.3.2 Supports from Media, Academician, and Business Institutions 157
6.4 Creative City as City Branding 161
6.4.1 UNESCO City of Design 162
6.4.2 Logo and Branding Design 165
6.4.3 Creative City Artifacts 168
6.5 Creative City as Social Identity 172
6.5.1 Home of Creative People 173
6.5.2 A Trendsetter City 176
6.6 Concluding Discussion 181

Chapter 7
Legitimation and Contestation 183
7.1 Legitimation from below 186
7.1.1 BCCF: Initiation, Strategy, Program 186
7.1.2 Keprok: Amplifying the Ambition of Bandung as a Creative City 196
7.2 Contestation of Creative City Interpretations 205
7.2.1 Narrow Interpretation of ‘Creativity’ 206
7.2.2 Contesting Creativity 214
7.3 Concluding Discussion 220

Chapter 8
Delegitimization and Negotiation 223
8.1 Delegitimization of Creative City Labeling for Bandung 224
8.1.1 Political Vehicle and Bandwagoning 225
8.1.2 Negative Consequences of Creative City Concept Implementation 230
8.1.3 Gimmick: Bandung under its Grand Illusion 240
8.2 Negotiation 254
8.2.1 Ten Principles of the Indonesian Creative City 254
8.2.2 Expanding Knowledge Stocks on the Creative City and Creativity in Bandung 259
8.3 Local Commitment, International Collaboration 262
8.4 Concluding Discussion 267

Chapter 9
Conclusion
9.1 Bandung: Knowledge Community and Creative City 273
9.2 Recommendations 275

Bibliography 279
Annex 1: List of some Knowledge Communities in Bandung 299