Research Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence

Edited by Robin Geiß, Director, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland and Henning Lahmann, Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University Law School, the Netherlands

Contents

Introduction to Research Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence 1
Robin Geiß and Henning Lahmann

PART I THE DIGITAL BATTLEFIELD
1 New military technologies and changes in warfare through the ages 10
Beatrice Heuser
2 Technology, economy and war: the disruptive force of AI 28
Giacomo Persi Paoli and Sarah Grand-Clément
3 Military applications of AI: current situation and future considerations 55
Larry Lewis and Diane Vavrichek
4 Digital battlefield: concept, technology and prospects 76
Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan and Anja Dahlmann
5 Risks and benefits of AI-enabled military decision-making 98
Vincent Boulanin
6 From strategy to orders: preparing and conducting military operations
with artificial intelligence 115
Tobias Vestner

PART II AI IN WARFARE: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
7 Employment of AI in decisions on the use of force 135
Dominik Steiger
8 AI is changing the battlefield, but perhaps not how you think: an
analysis of the operationalization of targeting law and the increasing
use of AI in military operations 160
Merel A.C. Ekelhof
9 Aspects of realizing (meaningful) human control: a legal perspective 178
Bérénice Boutin and Taylor Woodcock
10 Big data and the future of belligerency: applying the rights to privacy
and data protection to wartime artificial intelligence 196
Asaf Lubin
11 Accountability and responsibility for AI-enabled conduct 215
Binxin Zhang
12 ‘Handle with care’: due diligence obligations in the employment of AI
technologies 233
Antonio Coco and Talita Dias

PART III SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF AI IN WARFARE
13 AI and military cyber operations 261
Heather Harrison Dinniss
14 Spying, artificial intelligence and the law of war 280
Russell Buchan
15 Employing AI to improve humanitarian action in times of conflict and crisis 298
Ana Beduschi

PART IV ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES: THE WAY FORWARD
16 State positions on autonomous weapons systems 315
Gugu Dube and Mary Wareham
17 AI and the future of arms control 337
Jürgen Altmann
18 Regulating AI in non-military applications: lessons learned 352
Silja Vöneky and Thorsten Schmidt
19 The technological leap of AI and the Global South: deepening
asymmetries and the future of international security 370
Eugenio V. Garcia