The I.B. Tauris Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire

Hans-Lukas Kieser is Associate Professor in the Centre for the Study of Violence at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and Adjunct Professor of history at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He has been a guest professor at the University of Stanford, USA, the EHEES, France and the University of Michigan, USA. Khatchig Mouradian is Lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS) at Columbia University, USA. He is the author of The Resistance Network: The Armenian Genocide and Humanitarianism in Ottoman Syria, 1915-1918 (2021). Mouradian has published articles on concentration camps, unarmed resistance, the aftermath of mass violence, midwifery in the Middle East, and approaches to teaching history. He is the co-editor of a forthcoming book on late-Ottoman history, and the editor of the peer-reviewed journal The Armenian Review. Mouradian has taught courses on imperialism, mass violence, urban space and conflict in the Middle East, the aftermaths of war and mass violence, and human rights at Worcester State University, USA, Clark University, USA, Stockton University, USA, Rutgers University, USA, and California State University – Fresno, USA.

Editors’ Introduction–Hans Lukas Kieser and Khatchig Mouradian

Section I. Late-Ottoman Coexistence: Reforms and Transformations in a Premodern Empire
Section introduction
Reform in the Ottoman Empire: Reform of the Ottoman Empire?—Marc Aymes
The Rum in the Late Ottoman Empire—Merih Erol
Armenians in a Plural-Late Ottoman Society—Varak Ketsemanian Ottoman Jews During the Last Ottoman Century—Julia P. Cohen
The Muhajir: Muslim Displacement in the Last Ottoman Century—Candan Badem
Intervention: Late Ottoman Environmental History: State of the Field (or State of the Swamp)—Samuel Dolbee

Section II. Crises, Violence and Revolutionism
Section introduction
From the Ottoman to the Balkan: The Rise of the Nation-State’s Modernity in Southeastern Europe—Dimitris Stamatopoulos
Armed Forces under the Primacy of Politics: The Ottoman Army in the 19th Century—Elke Hartmann
Sultan Abdulhamid II: From Chaos to Autocracy—Edhem Eldem
Varieties of Regional Mass Violence—Umit Kurt and Owen Miller
New approaches to the Hamidian Massacres, 1894-1897—Jelle Verheij and Owen Miller
Intervention: The gradual disappearance of slavery in the late-Ottoman Empire—Hayri Göksin Özkoray

Section III. Nationalism, Transnational Actors, and International Relations
Section introduction
Genesis and Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism towards the End of the Ottoman Empire—Metin Atmaca The Arab National Question at the End of the Ottoman Empire and its Afterlives—Seda Altug
Palestine and Zionism During the Period of Abdülhamid II and the Young Turks—Louis Fishman
Missionaries in the Late Ottoman Empire: A ‘Golden Age’?—Chantal Verdeil
Intervention: Emigration from the Late Ottoman Empire: State of the Field—Nora Lessersohn

Section IV. The Constitutional Era: From the Ottoman Spring to Party Dictatorship
Section introduction
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Enthusiasm and Realities—Dikran Kaligian
Particularism vs. Universalism: Ottomanism and Constitutionalism During the Second Constitutional Period—Banu Turnaoglu
From parliamentarism to party-state with ‘Special Organisation’: The Committee of Union and Progress, 1908-1918—Erdal Kaynar
Intra- and Inter-Communal Relationships in Palestine During the Last Years of Ottoman Rule, 1908-1917—Yuval Ben-Bassat
Race as Culture: The Constructions of Race in the Formative Turkish Nationalism, 1911–1916—Umit Kurt and Dogan Gürpinar
Intervention: Turkish Women’s History in early 20 th Century: An Overview of the Historiography—Elife Biçer-Deveci
Bibliography: Gender in Turkish History

Section V. Wars and Genocide
Section introduction
The Balkan Wars, World War I, and Ottoman Society—Yigit Akin
The Armenian Genocide: An Overview—Khatchig Mouradian
Assyrians and Pontic Greeks: Issues of Genocide—David Gaunt
Dispossession of Christians in Asia Minor, 1914-1923 —Mehmet Polatel
The Anatolian Wars and commander in chief Gazi Mustafa Kemal—Ahmet Demirel
Intervention: Perception and Politics of the Kizilbash-Alevi in the Late and Post-Ottoman Periods with its Ruptures and Continuities—Yalçin Çakmak

Section VI. Treaties and their defining impact
Section introduction
Treaty of Lausanne: The Birth Certificate of Republican Turkey in a Post-Ottoman Middle East—Hans-Lukas Kieser
New States, New Borders, New Issues? The Kurds, 1918–38—Jordi Tejel
Emerging Turkey and the League of Nations: Nationalist Internationalism—Caroline Liebisch-Gümüs ‘Azniv Efendi, where were you five years ago?’: Nationalist Policies and the Precarious Situation of the Armenian Community in the Republic of Turkey—Ari Sekeryan
Intervention: International Law and European Financial Control, 1854–1954: A Post-Colonial
Perspective on Ottoman Public Debt—Ellinor Morack

Section VII. The Quest for Belonging in the Post-Ottoman Space
Section introduction
The Afterlife of Christian Missionary Education in Turkey: Teaching Liberal Internationalism Under Kemalism—Erik Sjoberg
Discarding the Ottoman and Asserting The National: Armenian Diasporic Church Architecture in 1930s Lebanon—Vahé Tachjian and Joseph Rustom
Writing Ottomans into Arab History: Late and Post-Ottoman Arab Historiographies of the Empire beyond the Neo-Ottomanist Trope—Aline Schlaepfer
Active Remembering and ‘Neo Ottomanism’: Commemoration of the Great War as invented tradition in the late Ottoman Empire and in Modern Turkey, 1909-2020—Selim Deringil
Political Contention and Protest Movements in the Post-Ottoman Turkey—Derya Özkaya
Dead States and Living Legacies: Experiments in Self-Rule from the Republic of Mount Ararat to Northeast Syria—Amy Austin Holmes
Intervention: The State of the Kurdish Question since the End of the Ottoman Empire—Cevat Dargin
Intervention: The Ottoman Archive in Istanbul—Candan Badem

Afterword: Historiography’s history—Hamit Bozarslan

Chronology of Late-Ottoman Political History
Contributors
Select Bibliography
Index