On the Tragic

A more precise and useful definition of the term "tragic" is sought through a "biosophical" starting point, and the implications for both real-world and dramatic tragedies, and the situation of the human species, are discussed.

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Originally published in Norwegian in 1941, this is the magnum opus of one of Norway’s most celebrated philosophers, now made available in English for the first time. It examines the concept of the tragic and attempts to construct a more precise and useful definition on the basis of a "biosophical" look at the situation of organisms in their environment and their attempt to realize interests on multiple fronts through abilities they possess in a variety of degrees. This is a theory of genius, and of the dangers that frequently accompany it, and a sober account of the perils of consciousness for the human species. The robust and thorough treatment includes in-depth analysis of the relationship between real-world tragedies and those portrayed in theater and literature.





The English translation of On the Tragic by the Norwegian philosopher, writer, and environmentalist Peter Wessel Zapffe is a major achievement that for the first time introduces this classic text to Anglophone readers. On the one hand, the text is highly relevant to contemporary debates on the meaning of life and anti-natalism (the view that birth and life have negative value); on the other, it is a major text in 20th century Existentialism and Pessimism that develops an original theory of the human condition (as being characterized by meaninglessness and injustice). Finally, the text is known for its high literary level, vivid descriptions, and black humor.


—Roe Fremstedal, Professor of Philosophy, Norwegian University of Science and Technology





The translation of Zapffe’s Om det tragiske into English is a major event that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Zapffe argues that human consciousness mutated accidentally from nature as an error of overdevelopment, producing needs earthly life can never satisfy. The disillusioning insights that follow are formulated in a sophisticated everyday language and with an abundance of humor.


—Jørgen Haave, Zapffe biographer and Senior Curator at the Henrik Ibsen Museum, Skien, Norway





In this first English translation of Peter Wessel Zapffe’s On the Tragic, Dr. Ryan Showler has performed an extraordinary service to philosophy and, indeed, to the liberal arts and humanities. The Anglophone world can now appreciate the intensely original thinking of this remarkable scholar. In consequence, Zapffe will hereafter be recognized as among the most lucid and thoughtful advocates of philosophical pessimism.


—Todd K. Shackelford, Distinguished Professor and Chair of Psychology, Oakland University and Founding Director of the Center for Evolutionary Psychological Science