Culture: A Drama of Nature and Person

Piotr Jaroszyński, Ph.D. (1983), John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland, Chair of the Department of the Philosophy of Culture and Rhetoric. He has published many articles and monographs in English on the philosophy of culture, including Science in Culture (Rodopi, 2007) and Metaphysics or Ontology? (Brill, 2018).

Editor’s Preface



Introduction



PART 1: Culture in Science



1 Sciences Concerning Culture

 1 Particular Sciences Concerning Culture

 2 Philosophy of Culture



2 Culture: A History of the Term and Concept

 1 From the Cultivation of the Soil to the Cultivation of the Soul

 2 Culture and Cultus

 3 From the Culture of the Mind to the Culture of Mankind

 4 From National Culture to Mass Culture

 5 Civilization and Culture



3 Selected Definitions of Culture

 1 Social Dimension of Culture

 2 Transmission of Culture

 3 Culture and Values

 4 Culture and Symbol

 5 Culture and Meaning

 6 Culture and Behavioral Models

 7 Culture and Cultural Fields

 8 Culture and Person



PART 2: Theories of Culture



4 From Mythology to Philosophy: Nature vs. Culture in Antiquity

 1 Nature and Man

 2 From Negation to Apotheosis of Nature (Empedocles and the Sophists)

 3 Divine Origins of Culture (Plato)

  3.1 Philosophical Variant

  3.2 Mythological Variant

 4 “With Reason and Téchne” (Aristotle)

 5 The Soul Is God (Plotinus)



5 Between Philosophy and Theology: Christianity

 1 In Search of Perfection

 2 Natura Corrupta (Thomas Aquinas)

 3 Towards Anti-Cosmism (Manichaeism and Gnosis)

 4 Natura Totaliter Corrupta (Protestantism)



6 Between Philosophy and Ideology

 1 Nature Worship: Nature Is Perfect

 2 Apotheosis of Culture: Culture Produces Nature

  2.1 Individualism (Sartre)

  2.2 Further Perspectives of Positioning of the Concept of Culture

 3 Recapitulation



PART 3: Foundations of Culture: Truth, Goodness, Beauty



  Introduction to Part 3



7 Truth



8 Goodness

 1 Finalism

 2 Emanationism

 3 Creationism



9 Beauty



PART 4: Cultural Fields



  Introduction to Part 4



10 Science as a Cultural Field

 1 Four Conceptions of Science

  1.1 Science as Cognition by Causes

  1.2 Science: From “How many?” to “How?”

  1.3 Science: The Question of a Priori Conditions

  1.4 Science: The Question “Why Not?”

 2 Negation of Science: Postmodernism



11 Cultural Fields: Morality

 1 Ethics: Goodness or Value?

 2 Economy: For the Good of the Family

 3 Economy: Family as the Subject

 4 Relations within the Family

 5 Public Life: Types of Political Systems

 6 Dispute over the Common Good: Individualism, Collectivism, Personalism

 7 Dispute over Democracy



12 Cultural Fields: Productive Action (Ποίησις)

 1 Scope and Purposes of Productive Action

 2 Tools and the Capacity for Rational Thinking

 3 From Copying to Creating



13 Religion as a Cultural Field

 1 What is Religion?

  1.1 “Religion” and Related Words

  1.2 Various Interpretations of the Word “Religion”

 2 Religion: Constitutive Elements

 3 Classical Definition of Religion

 4 Reasons for Religiosity

 5 Philosophy on Immortality

 6 The End-Purpose of Religion

 7 Against Religion

 8 Religion and Culture

 9 Existence of God: From Faith to Metaphysics

 10 God and Sacrum

 11 Religion and Holiness

 12 Religion and Examples to Follow

 13 Religion as a Virtue (from Cicero to St. Thomas)

 14 Religion as the Focal Point of Culture

 15 Religion and Other Cultural Fields

  15.1 Science and Religion

  15.2 Πρᾶξις and Religion

  15.3 Ποίησις and Religion

 16 Religion: Towards the Fulfillment of the Person



14 Culture: For the Person, but Person How Conceived?

 1 The Person: From the Mask to Self

  1.1 Theater

  1.2 Privileges

  1.3 In the Image of God

 2 Selected Philosophical Conceptions of the Person

  2.1 The Person Is Not a Part

  2.2 The Person Is Not a Thing

  2.3 The Person Is Not a Totality

  2.4 The Person Is Not a Tool

  2.5 The Person Has Its Dignity and Its End-Purpose

  2.6 The Person Is a Self

  2.7 The Person without Own Self?

  2.8 The Self of a Rational Nature



15 In the Trap of Nihilism

 1 Personalism Threatened

 2 What Is Nihilism?

  2.1 Etymology

  2.2 Nothingness: From Metaphysics to Ontology

 3 Philosophical Nihilism: From a Notion to a System

  3.1 From Atheism to Nihilism

  3.2 Nihilism and the Negation of Culture

  3.3 Nihilism and Nietzsche



Epilogue: A Theology of Culture: Towards Divinization of Nature



Conclusion



Bibliography

Index