The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions on Stolen or Illegally Transferred Cultural Property

Ana Filipa Vrdoljak is the UNESCO Chair in International Law and Cultural Heritage and Professor of Law at the University of Technology Sydney. Professor Vrdoljak is a Correspondent (Pacific region) and Member of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention Academic Project of International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). With Francesco Francioni, she is the editor of the Oxford Commentaries on International Cultural Heritage Law and the Cultural Heritage Law and Policy series. She is President of the International Cultural Property Society (U.S.) and Chair of the Management Committee, International Journal of Cultural Property (Cambridge University Press). Professor Vrdoljak is a consultant to multilateral organisations, governments, and civil society organisations on cultural heritage law, human rights law, and international law. She holds a Doctor of Philosophy (in Law) from the University of Sydney. Andrzej Jakubowski holds PhD in International Law (EUI, 2011) and MA in Art History (University of Warsaw, 2005). Affiliated with the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, he served as Chair of the ILA Committee on Participation in Global Cultural Heritage Governance (2017-2022). A member of the Pool of Arbitrators at the Court of Arbitration for Art (CAfA), he is also enlisted among the mediators and conciliators of the UNESCO Intergovernmental "Return and Restitution" Committee (ICPRCP). He has published extensively on issues related to cultural heritage law and cultural rights in International and European law. Alessandro Chechi (PhD European University Institute, LLM University College London) is Senior lecturer at the University of Geneva. He also teaches at the Université Catholique of Lille and at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. He serves as a member of the editorial boards of the Italian Yearbook of International Law and of the Santander Art and Culture Law Review, and is a member of the Société international pour la recherché sur le droit du patrimoine culturel et le droit de l'art (ISCHAL). He was consultant for the Council of Europe for the revision of the Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property, and is the author of the book 'The Settlement of International Cultural Heritage Disputes' (Oxford University Press, 2014).

PART I - INTRODUCTION
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak: Introduction
PART II - THE 1970 UNESCO CONVENTION: COMMENTARY
Andrzej Jakubowski: The Preamble to the 1970 UNESCO Convention
Janet Blake: Article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Definition of 'Cultural Property'
Francesco Francioni: Article 2 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Purposes
Marcílio Toscano Franca: Article 3 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Definition of 'Illicit'
Kerstin von der Decken: Article 4 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Cultural Property Forming Part of the Cultural Heritage of Each State
Marie Cornu: Article 5(a) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: National Laws and Regulations
Sophie Vigneron: Article 5(b) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: National Inventories
Toshiyuki Kono: Article 5(c) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Scientific and Technical Institutions
Zeynep Boz: Article 5(d) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: The Supervision of Archaeological Excavations
Manlio Frigo: Article 5(e) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Ethics
Arie Afriansyah: Article 5(f) and 5(g) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Education and Publicity
Jorge Sánchez Cordero: Article 6 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Export Controls
Tullio Scovazzi: Article 7(a) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Import Controls of Illegally Exported Cultural Property
Charlotte Woodhead: Article 7(b)(i) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Prohibition of Import of Inventoried Cultural Property
Stephen K Urice and Gideon Levy: Article 7(b)(ii) of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Cooperation for the Return of Cultural Property
Stefano Manacorda and Arianna Visconti: Article 8 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Penalties or Administrative Sanctions
Patty Gerstenblith and Wang Yunxia: Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: International Cooperation and Bilateral Agreements
Janet Ulph: Article 10 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: National Measures Related to Non-State Actors
James A R Nafziger: Article 11 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Foreign Occupation
Clémentine Bories: Article 12 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: International Administration Clause
Evelien Campfens: Article 13 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Requirements of National Laws
Robert Peters: Article 14 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: National Services and Budget
Afolasade A Adewumi, John Oluwole A Akintayo, and Andrzej Jakubowski: Article 15 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Agreements for Return or Restitution of Cultural Property Removed Prior to 1972
Kristin Hausler: Article 16 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Periodic Reporting
Andrzej Jakubowski and Alessandro Chechi: Article 17 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: The Roles of UNESCO
Lucas Lixinski: Article 22 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Territorial Application
Malgosia Fitzmaurice and Agnes Rydberg: Articles 18-21, 23-26 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Final Clauses
Andrzej Jakubowski: Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin or Its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation (ICPRCP)
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak: The 1970 UNESCO Convention: Governance and Oversight
PART III-THE 1995 UNIDROIT CONVENTION: COMMENTARY
Alessandro Chechi: The Preamble to the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention
Elina Moustaira: Article 1 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Claims of an International Character
Janet Blake: Article 2 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Definition of 'Cultural Objects'
Alicja Jagielska-Burduk and Derek Fincham: Article 3 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Claims for Restitution of Stolen Cultural Objects
Christa Roodt: Article 4 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Possessor's Rights and Claims for Restitution of Cultural Objects
Alessandro Chechi and Keun-Gwan Lee: Article 5 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Claims for Illegally Exported Cultural Objects
Bert Demarsin: Article 6 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Possessor's Rights and Claims for Return of Cultural Objects
Matthias Weller: Article 7(1) of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Exclusionary Clause
Kristopher Wilson: Article 7(2) of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Indigenous Restitution Claims
Tamás Szabados: Article 8 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Choice of Forum
Kurt Siehr: Article 9 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Applicable Law
Craig Forrest: Article 10 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Transitional Clause
Riccardo Pavoni: Article 13 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Existing and Subsequent Treaty Obligations
Elena Rodríguez-Pineau: Article 14 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Federal or Non-Unitary Constitutional Systems
Wojciech Wiktor Kowalski: Article 16 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Procedures for Submission of Claims and Requests
Sebastián Green Martínez: Articles 11, 12, 15, 17-21 of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention: Final Clauses
PART IV-THE 1970 UNESCO AND 1995 UNIDROIT CONVENTIONS RELATIONS WITH OTHER TREATIES
Kevin Chamberlain and Laura Pineschi: The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions and the 1954 Hague Convention and Its Protocols
Amy Strecker: The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions and the 1972 World Heritage Convention
Patrizia Vigni: The 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions, UNCLOS and the 2001 Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention
Federico Lenzerini: The 1970 UNESCO and the 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions and the 2003 UNESCO Intangible Heritage Convention
Mira Burri: The 1970 UNESCO and the 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions, the 2005 Convention on Cultural Diversity and International Trade Law
PART V-CONCLUSIONS
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak: Conclusion: Looking Forward on the Trade in Cultural Objects