Adaptive Responses of Native Amazonians

?Contributors
Preface
1. Introduction
Introduction
Some Characteristics of Amazonian Ecosystems
Environmental Models of Amazonian Sociocultural Evolution
Environmental Models of Amazonian Adaptive Behavior
The Problem of Adaptation
I. Cultivation
2. Machiguenga Gardens
Introduction
Garden Making
Planting
Weeding
Harvest
The Life Cycle of a Garden
Input-Output
Conclusion
Notes
3. The Cultivation of Manioc Among the Kuikuru of the Upper Xingú
Introduction
The Habitat
Clearing the Forest
Plot Characteristics
Planting
Crop Care
Overall Cycle of Cultivation
Harvesting
The Processing of Manioc
Varieties of Manioc
Storage
Manioc and the Supernatural
Abandonment and Reforestation
Overview and Interpretation
Notes
4. Adaptive Strategies of Wakuénai Peoples to the Oligotrophic Rain Forest of the Rio Negro Basin
Introduction
The Rio Negro Basin
The Rio Negro Population
Uxorilocal Residence: Father-in-Law Leadership in Economic Production
Patrilocal/Uxorilocal Residence: Father-in-Law Leadership in Horizontal/Vertical Integration
Conclusions
II. Hunting and Fishing
5. Neotropical Hunting Among the Aché of Eastern Paraguay
Introduction
Environmental and Historical Background
Ecology and Area of Study
Prey Species and Hunting Techniques
Daily Hunting Routine
Data Collection
Time Allocation for Subsistence
Hunting Returns and Comparison of Technologies
The Optimal Diet Model and Hunting Strategy
Variance in Hunting Returns Between Individuals and Age Groups
Band Size and Hunting Returns
Pursuit Group Size
Summary and Discussion
6. Shotguns, Blowguns, and Spears: The Analysis of Technological Efficiency
Introduction
Relevant Environmental and Cultural Features
Hunting Behavior and Technology
Data Collection
The Kill and Its Meaning
Impact of the Shotgun
Comparison of the Blowgun to the Bow
Conclusion
7. Why Do the Mekranoti Trek?
Introduction
Explanations for Trekking
Cross-Cultural Tests
Conclusion
8. Cocamilla Fishing: Patch Modification and Environmental Buffering in the Amazon Várzea
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Data Collection
Historical Background of the Cocamilla
The Ecological Context
Fishing Sites and Techniques
Techniques and Personnel Involved in Lake Fishing
Storage of Fish
Buffering Environmental Fluctuations
Gross Fishing Production
Discussion
Summary and Conclusions
9. Carpe Diem: An Optimal Foraging Approach to Bari Fishing and Hunting
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Methods and Findings
Discussion
10. Adaptation and Ethnozoological Classification: Theoretical Implications of Animal Resources and Diet of the Aguaruna and Huambisa
Introduction
The Setting
Research Sites
Data Base
Sketch of Aguaruna and Huambisa Ethnozoology
Animal Consumption Patterns
Comparative Patterns of Animal Utilization
Discussion
Conclusions
III. Nutrition
11. Nutrition in the Northwest Amazon: Household Dietary Intake and Time-Energy Expenditure
Introduction
Background
Physical Environment
Food Resources
Data Collection
Results
Household Food Supplies
Sources of Food Energy and Protein
Adequacy of Energy and Protein Intake
Time and Energy Expenditure of Household Members
Discussion
12. Seasonal Factors in Subsistence, Nutrition, and Child Growth in a Central Brazilian Indian Community
Introduction
The Study Community
Subsistence Practices
Health and Growth
Discussion
Conclusions
IV. Settlement Pattern
13. The Settlement Pattern of a Yanomamö Population Bloc: A Behavioral Ecological Interpretation
Introduction
Components of Settlement Pattern
The Haiyamo Population Bloc
Discussion
Conclusion
14. Village Movement in Relation to Resources in Amazonia
Introduction
Central Brazilian Settlement Pattern
Garden Soil Depletion
Conclusion
15. The Territorial Dimensions of Siona-Secoya and Encabellado Adaptation
Introduction
The Modern Settlement
Patterns of Resource Use
Historical Data on Western Tucanoan Settlement Patterns
Resource Allocation and Maintenance
The Question of Territorial Defense
Conclusion
References
Index