A State of Peace in Europe

Petri Hakkarainen is the Political Director at the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Prior to that, he worked for over five years as the Director of Foreign and Security Policy at the Office of the President of Finland. During his career at the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs since 2006 he has been stationed in Washington, Berlin and Helsinki, as well as at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) and at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam. He received his doctorate in Modern History from the University of Oxford in 2008. In 2009 his dissertation was awarded the Willy Brandt Prize for the 'advancement of outstanding young scholars' by the Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation.

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements



Chapter 1. Introduction: Era of Negotiations





European Détente

The CSCE

German Foreign Policy

On Structure and Sources



Chapter 2. 1966-69: Incubation of Strategies





The Early Years and the Eastern ‘Propaganda Circus’

The Budapest Appeal: ‘We Could Have Drafted it Ourselves’

Consultations Abroad, Electioneering at Home

Nobody Expects the Finnish Initiative

Promises of East-West Cooperation or an Instrument of Deutschlandpolitik?

Chancellery versus Auswärtiges Amt

Emphasis on Linkage: Bahr’s Foreign Policy Plans on the Eve of the Election

Bonn and the Security Conference during the Interregnum

Conclusion



Chapter 3. 1969-70: Bilateral Leverages and European Security





Western Support for the Linkage with Deutschlandpolitik

Horse-Trading in Moscow

Rethinking the Linkage Strategy

Berlin Surpasses Other Preconditions

Discovering the Potential of the CSCE

Conference on Security or Conference on Cooperation?

Conclusion



Chapter 4. 1970-71: Transition to Western Multilateralism





Following the French Lead on Berlin Linkage

Defending the Berlin Precondition in Lisbon

Divergent Interpretations of the ‘Successful Conclusion’

Nothing Quiet on the Western Front

Broadening the German Horizon in the NATO Framework

From America’s Advocate to the Main Proponent of EPC

Conclusion



Chapter 5. 1971-72: Towards a European Peace Order?





The Decline of the Linkage between the CSCE and Deutschlandpolitik

Hesitating on the Berlin Precondition

Blackmailing the Finns?

An Inner-German Shotgun Wedding

Europeanisation of Ostpolitik

In Defence of the Eastern Treaties and Bonn’s Sovereignty

A New Flow of German Activity

Peaceful Change, Self-Determination of Peoples and Military Security

Freer Movement: Change through Rapprochement?

Berlin as a CSCE Location?

Avoiding Bilateralism

Conclusion



Chapter 6. 1972-75: Deutschlandpolitik at the Conference





Alphabet Diplomacy in Dipoli

Peaceful Change, Act 1: Defending the Moscow Treaty

Peaceful Change, Act 2: Enter Genscher

Peaceful Change, Act 3: Commas for the National Interest

Basket III: Human Contacts

Follow-up and Berlin

Conclusion



Chapter 7. Conclusion: Evolution instead of Revolution



Sources and Bibliography

Index