The Middle East and North Africa 2022

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: 　 Shireen AlAzzawi. Lecturer, Economics Department, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA; and Research Fellow, Economic Research Forum, Cairo, Egypt. Abdulaziz Alghashian. Lecturer in International Relations, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Liam Anderson. Professor of Political Science, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA. David Barchard. Independent scholar and former Financial Times correspondent in Turkey. Claire Beaugrand. Lecturer in Sociology of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK. Benedetta Berti. Senior Adviser and Head of the Policy Planning Division of the Office of the Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Brussels, Belgium. Dana Blander. Research Fellow, Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem, Israel. Pierre Boutros. Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Natália Calfat. Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Jad Chaaban. Associate Professor of Economics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Charles Charalambous. Independent communications consultant and journalist; formerly financial correspondent for the Cyprus Mail. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen. Fellow for the Middle East, Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA, and Associate Fellow, Middle East and North Africa Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, UK. Jill Crystal. Professor of Political Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. Gianni Del Panta. Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in Political Science, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy. Vincent Durac. Associate Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Ireland. Wafaa ElBaba. Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Ali Fakih. Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Courtney Freer. Assistant Professorial Research Fellow, Middle East Centre, London School of Economics, UK. Richard German. Writer and researcher on international political and economic affairs. Cengiz Gunes. Associate Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Gareth Jenkins. Non-resident Senior Fellow with the Silk Road Studies Program, based in İstanbul, Turkey. George Joffé. Visiting Professor, King’s College London, UK; Lecturer on the Middle East and North Africa, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, UK; and former Deputy Director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, UK. Marc Jones. Assistant Professor in Middle East Studies and Digital Humanities, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. Amir Magdy Kamel. Lecturer, Defence Studies Department, and Fellow, Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, King’s College London, UK. Moundir Lassassi. Researcher and Division Manager, Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD), Algiers, Algeria. Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Simon Mabon. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion, and Director of The Sectarianism, Proxies and De-sectarianisation Project (SEPAD), Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK. Philip McCrum. Chief Economist, Middle East and North Africa, and Director, Economic Advisory, EY, Dubai, UAE. Fiona Mullen. Director, Sapienta Economics, Nicosia, Cyprus; and former economy adviser to the United Nations Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus. Muhamad S. Olimat. Professor of International Relations and Middle East Studies, Emirates Diplomatic Academy, Abu Dhabi, UAE. James Onley. Director of Historical Research, Qatar National Library, Doha, Qatar; and Editor of the Journal of Arabian Studies (Routledge). Francis Owtram. Honorary Research Fellow, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK; and Gulf History Specialist, The British Library, London, UK. Nigel Parsons. Senior Lecturer, Politics Programme, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Neil Partrick. Writer and analyst on the Arabian Peninsula and wider Middle East. David Roberts. Assistant Professor and Lecturer, School of Security Studies, King’s College London, UK; Adjunct Faculty, Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Po, Paris, France; and former Director of the Qatar office of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. Charles Schmitz. Professor and Chair, Department of Geography & Environmental Planning, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA. Assaf Shapira. Director, Political Reform Program, Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem, Israel. Moin Siddiqi. Independent economist specializing in macroeconomic developments and the banking sector in the Middle East and Africa; also advises on trends in petroleum markets. Katrin Sold. Research Fellow, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Marburg, Germany; and Associate Fellow, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (German Council on Foreign Relations), Berlin, Germany. Andreas Stergiou. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. Ronald Bruce St John. Independent scholar specializing in the political economy of developing states. Denis J. Sullivan. Professor of Political Science and Director, Middle East Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; and Director of the Boston Consortium for Arab Region Studies. Mariam Tarraf. Research Assistant, Department of Economics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon. Elizabeth Taylor. Writer and researcher on international political and economic affairs. Mehmet Uğur. Professor of Economics and Institutions, Department of International Business and Economics, University of Greenwich, London, UK. Marc Valeri. Associate Professor in Political Economy of the Middle East and Director of the Centre for Gulf Studies, University of Exeter, UK. Alice Verticelli. Researcher in Middle East Politics and Doctoral Candidate, Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. Edward Wastnidge. Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Studies, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. Eyal Zisser. Vice Rector, and Yona and Dina Ettinger Chair in Contemporary History of the Middle East, Tel Aviv University, Israel.

PART ONE General Survey

Saudi Arabia and Iran: Islam, Security and Foreign Policy in the Middle East

SIMON MABON

China and the Greater Middle East: From the Silk Road, to the Belt and Road Initiative, to the COVID-19 Era

MUHAMAD S. OLIMAT

US Middle East Policy

ROBERT E. LOONEY

Political Islam in the Middle East and North Africa

GEORGE JOFFÉ

The Kurdish Question in the Middle East

CENGIZ GUNES

The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Regional Challenges

BENEDETTA BERTI

The Religions of the Middle East and North Africa

R. B. SERJEANT

PART TWO Country Surveys

Sections on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country

ALGERIA

History GIANNI DEL PANTA

Economy MOUNDIR LASSASSI

BAHRAIN

History MARC JONES

Economy

CYPRUS

History ANDREAS STERGIOU

Economy

‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’

History

Economy

EGYPT

History Updated by ALICE VERTICELLI and DENIS J. SULLIVAN

Economy SHIREEN ALAZZAWI

IRAN

History EDWARD WASTNIDGE

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

IRAQ

History LIAM ANDERSON

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

ISRAEL

History Revised by ASSAF SHAPIRA

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

Occupied Territories

East Jerusalem

The Golan Heights

JORDAN

History COURTNEY FREER

Economy Revised by PIERRE BOUTROS and ALI FAKIH

KUWAIT

History Revised by CLAIRE BEAUGRAND

Economy

LEBANON

History NATÁLIA CALFAT

Economy Revised by WAFAA ELBABA and ALI FAKIH

LIBYA

History Revised by RONALD BRUCE ST JOHN

Economy AMIR MAGDY KAMEL

MOROCCO

History Revised by NEIL PARTRICK

Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK

OMAN

History Revised by MARC VALERI

Economy FRANCIS OWTRAM

PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES

Recent History Updated by NIGEL PARSONS

Economy

QATAR

History DAVID ROBERTS

Economy

SAUDI ARABIA

History ABDULAZIZ ALGHASHIAN

Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK (Based on an original essay by MOIN SIDDIQI)

SPANISH NORTH AFRICA

Ceuta

Melilla

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

History EYAL ZISSER

Economy Revised by ALI FAKIH and MARIAM TARRAF

TUNISIA

History Revised by NEIL PARTRICK

Economy Revised by NEIL PARTRICK

TURKEY

History Revised by GARETH JENKINS

Economy Revised by GARETH JENKINS

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

History KRISTIAN COATES ULRICHSEN

Economy

YEMEN

History VINCENT DURAC

Economy CHARLES SCHMITZ

PART THREE Regional Information

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

MAJOR COMMODITIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

DOCUMENTS ON PALESTINE

CALENDARS

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY(PERIODICALS)