Discourses of the Arab Revolutions in Media and Politics

Stefanie Ullmann is a Research Associate at the University of Cambridge’s Centre for Humanities and Social Change. She has done extensive research on the use of language in discourse on the Arab revolutions. Her other research interests and current work include the social and ethical impacts of harmful language on social media, as well as information and algorithmic biases.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1. Introduction: A Watershed Moment

1.1. Why metaphor?

1.2. The language of the Arab Spring as a research area

1.3. Structure of the book

2. Unhinging the Old Order: The ‘Arab Spring’ Protests and Revolutions

2.1. Tunisia and Egypt

2.2. Libya and Syria

2.3. A movement affecting an entire region

3. Performing Critical Metaphor Analysis in a Conceptual Integration Framework

3.1. Critical approaches to metaphor

3.1.1. Critical discourse studies

3.1.2. Defining ‘critical’ and ‘discourse’

3.1.3. Ideology

3.1.4. Critical metaphor analysis

3.2. Cognitive approaches to metaphor

3.2.1. Conceptual metaphor theory

3.2.2. Conceptual integration theory

3.3. Framing, construal and constructivism

3.4. Framing via conceptual integration

4. Corpus Approaches to Critical Cognitive Metaphor Analysis

4.1. Corpus-based metaphor analysis – common challenges

4.2. Automating metaphor research

4.3. Corpus linguistics and CDS

5. The ‘Arab Spring’ Corpus: Set-up and Design

5.1. On distinguishing political and media discourse

5.2. Regional distinctions

5.3. Media corpus

5.4. Political corpus

5.5. Strategies for corpus compilation

5.6. From rhetorical figure to conceptualisation: the label ‘Arab Spring’

6. Using Contextual Information in a Large-Scale Study of Metaphor

6.1. Quantitative steps: metaphorical pattern analysis, conceptual categorisation and frequencies

6.2. Qualitative steps: critical metaphor and prosody analysis

6.3. Collocation and semantic prosody: how corpus linguistics can improve critical metaphor analysis

6.3.1. Defining ‘collocation’ and ‘semantic prosody’

6.3.2. Developing an analytical framework for prosody evaluation of metaphors

7. The Metaphors of the Arab Revolutions

7.1. Seasons, plants and fruit

7.1.1. The revolution is seasonal spring

7.1.2. From summer to winter: the revolution throughout the seasons

7.1.3. The revolution is a plant

7.2. Birth, pregnancy and family

7.2.1. The revolution is a newborn child or a mother giving birth

7.2.2. The revolution is a stillborn or aborted child

7.2.3. The family metaphor

7.3. Natural forces and disasters

7.3.1. The revolution is fire

7.3.2. The revolution is a wave

7.3.3. The revolution is a volcanic eruption or an earthquake

7.3.4. The revolution is wind

7.4. Contagious diseases, healthy and unhealthy bodies

7.4.1. The revolution is a contagious disease

7.4.2. The case of ‘spread’ and its different prosodies

7.4.3. The revolution is a wounded or healing body

7.5. Buildings and foundations

7.5.1. The revolution is a building

7.5.2. The revolution is a foundation

7.6. Journeys

7.6.1. From autocracy to democracy: the revolution as journey

7.6.2. Different countries, different journeys

7.7. Possessions, products and goods

7.7.1. The revolution is a possession or a product

7.7.2. The case of ‘deliver’

7.8. Bounded spaces and (hot) substances in containers

7.8.1. The nation is a bounded space or Syria as impenetrable fortress

7.8.2. Spill, pour, and simmer: on deciding between water and substance in container metaphors

7.8.3. The revolution is a (hot) liquid or a bursting container

7.9. Concepts of morality and immorality

7.9.1. The Arab revolutions and reverse morality

7.9.2. The revolution is moral, violence and oppression are immoral

7.9.3. The revolution is bright and pure, dictatorship is dark and rotten

7.9.4. A global moral order

8. Of Journeys and Natural Forces: The Arab Revolutions in Media Discourse

8.1. Most common metaphors with positive and negative prosodies

8.2. US liberal media

8.3. US conservative media

8.4. UK liberal media

8.5. UK conservative media

8.6. MENA independent media

8.7. MENA state-owned media

9. Of Journeys and Diseases: The Arab Revolutions in Political Discourse

9.1. US political discourse

9.2. UK political discourse

9.3. MENA political discourse

9.3.1. Tunisia

9.3.2. Egypt

9.3.3. Libya

9.3.4. Syria

10. Conclusion